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Complement Submodular Information Measures for Balanced and Robust Data Selection A Proof of a Conjecture on Positive and Negative Square Energies of Unicyclic Graphs Laplacian Spectrum of the Weakly Zero-Divisor Graph of a Finite Commutative Ring An identity for second Eulerian numbers via lattice-point counting $t$-tone edge coloring of graphs Constructing Maximal Bumpless Pipedreams for Double Grothendieck Polynomials Mubayi's Polynomial-Ideal Conjecture and Cover-Ideal Turán Methods Implicit Binarization via Complex Phase Dynamics in Combinatorial Optimization The limits of Schur multipliers in Pólya conversion problems for the $q$-permanent function Universality theorems for generalized splines Framing Triangulations for Arbitrary Integer Flow Polytopes On the Common Generalization of Gentle Algebras and Framed Directed Acyclic Graphs The complexity of frugal digraph homomorphisms Chaotic and periodic behavior of jeu de taquin on infinite Young tableaux Enumerating Pattern Avoiding Parking Functions Incidence toric ideals and three-point functions Unique Winning Opening Move in Three-Row Chomp Strong majority colorings of graphs A Balancing Theorem for Spanning Trees of Rectangular Grid Graphs Spectral radius and edge-disjoint connected factors of graphs New invariants for rank metric codes, with applications to the classification of rank two semifields of order 256 Flexible DP-4-coloring of planar graphs without 4-cycles and intersecting triangles Balanced intersection size distributions in projective planes List Reconstruction Problem with List Size Two Is Dimensionality a Barrier for Retrieval Models? The INIEP: Irreducible and Positive Realizations The number of Pfaffian orientations on punctured polygonally cellulated surfaces Explicit Construction of Polytopes whose Ehrhart Polynomials Realize any Given Sign Pattern Finite-state enumeration of adjacency-constrained 132-avoiding permutations AMDS and quantum AMDS Constacyclic codes of length $4p^ς$ over $\mathbb{F}_{{p}^{m}}$
Tight Bounds for the Number of Absent Subsequences
Duncan Adamson, Pamela Fleischmann, Annika Huch, Florin Manea, P · 2024-07-26 · via math.CO updates on arXiv.org

A {\em subsequence} of a word $w$ is a word $u$ that can be obtained by deleting some letters from $w$ while maintaining the relative order of the remaining letters, e.g., $\mathtt{lala}$ is a subsequence of $\mathtt{alfalfa}$. A word, over some alphabet $Σ$, which has all possible words of length $ι$ over $Σ$ as subsequences is called $ι$-universal, and the largest $ι$ for which this holds is called the universality index of $w$, and denoted $ι(w)$. Moreover, words that are not subsequences of $w$ are called absent subsequences (AS) of $w$, and their investigation was started in (Kosche et al., 2022). In this paper, we present tight bounds on the number of AS of a given length $k$ among all words with the same universality index $ι$. For both the lower and upper bound, we construct words that have, respectively, a minimal and maximal number of absent subsequences of the respective length $k$, and, in the case of the lower bound, we provide the exact number of missing subsequences as a closed form. Finally, we present efficient enumeration algorithms for the set of subsequences of given length of a word: we give a novel, optimal enumeration algorithm with output linear delay of this set of subsequences, with preprocessing time $O(|w|)$, which is further improved to an incremental enumeration algorithm with $O(1)$ delay of this set of subsequences, with preprocessing time $O(|w|)$.