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Complement Submodular Information Measures for Balanced and Robust Data Selection A Proof of a Conjecture on Positive and Negative Square Energies of Unicyclic Graphs Laplacian Spectrum of the Weakly Zero-Divisor Graph of a Finite Commutative Ring An identity for second Eulerian numbers via lattice-point counting $t$-tone edge coloring of graphs Constructing Maximal Bumpless Pipedreams for Double Grothendieck Polynomials Mubayi's Polynomial-Ideal Conjecture and Cover-Ideal Turán Methods Implicit Binarization via Complex Phase Dynamics in Combinatorial Optimization The limits of Schur multipliers in Pólya conversion problems for the $q$-permanent function Universality theorems for generalized splines Framing Triangulations for Arbitrary Integer Flow Polytopes On the Common Generalization of Gentle Algebras and Framed Directed Acyclic Graphs The complexity of frugal digraph homomorphisms Chaotic and periodic behavior of jeu de taquin on infinite Young tableaux Enumerating Pattern Avoiding Parking Functions Incidence toric ideals and three-point functions Unique Winning Opening Move in Three-Row Chomp Strong majority colorings of graphs A Balancing Theorem for Spanning Trees of Rectangular Grid Graphs Spectral radius and edge-disjoint connected factors of graphs New invariants for rank metric codes, with applications to the classification of rank two semifields of order 256 Flexible DP-4-coloring of planar graphs without 4-cycles and intersecting triangles Balanced intersection size distributions in projective planes List Reconstruction Problem with List Size Two Is Dimensionality a Barrier for Retrieval Models? The INIEP: Irreducible and Positive Realizations The number of Pfaffian orientations on punctured polygonally cellulated surfaces Explicit Construction of Polytopes whose Ehrhart Polynomials Realize any Given Sign Pattern Finite-state enumeration of adjacency-constrained 132-avoiding permutations AMDS and quantum AMDS Constacyclic codes of length $4p^ς$ over $\mathbb{F}_{{p}^{m}}$
Congestion bounds via Laplacian eigenvalues and their app...
Sayan Mukherjee, Shinichiro Akiyama · 2025-10-03 · via math.CO updates on arXiv.org

Embedding the vertices of arbitrary graphs into trees while minimizing some measure of overlap is an important problem with applications in computer science and physics. In this work, we consider the problem of bijectively embedding the vertices of an $n$-vertex graph $G$ into the \textit{leaves} of an $n$-leaf \textit{rooted binary tree} $\mathcal{T}$. The congestion of such an embedding is given by the largest size of the cut induced by the two components obtained by deleting any vertex of $\mathcal{T}$. We show that for any embedding, the congestion lies between $λ_2(G)\cdot 2n/9$ and $λ_n(G)\cdot n/4$, letting $0=λ_1(G)\le \cdots \le λ_n(G)$ be the Laplacian eigenvalues of $G$, and there is an embedding for which the congestion is at most $λ_n(G)\cdot 2n/9$. Beyond these general bounds, we determine the congestion exactly for hypercubes and lattice graphs, and obtain asymptotically tight bounds for random regular graphs and Erdős-Rényi graphs. We further introduce an efficient contraction procedure based on spectral ordering and dynamic programming, which produces low-congestion embeddings in practice. Numerical experiments on structured graphs, random graphs, and tensor network representations of quantum circuits validate our theoretical bounds and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. These results yield new spectral bounds on the memory and time complexity of exact tensor network contraction in terms of the underlying graph structure.