Let $Φ$ be a root system. Postnikov introduced and studied the mixed $Φ$-Eulerian numbers. These numbers indicate the mixed volumes of $Φ$-hypersimplices. As specializations of these numbers, one can obtain the usual Eulerian numbers, the Catalan numbers, and the binomial coefficients. Recent work of Berget-Spink-Tseng gave a simple computation for the mixed $Φ$-Eulerian numbers when $Φ$ is of type $A$. In this paper we connect a relation between mixed $Φ$-Eulerian numbers and Peterson Schubert calculus. By using the connection, we provide a combinatorial model for the computation of Berget-Spink-Tseng in terms of left-right diagrams which were introduced by Abe-Horiguchi-Kuwata-Zeng for the purpose of Peterson Schubert calculus. We also derive a simple computation for the mixed $Φ$-Eulerian numbers in arbitrary Lie types from Peterson Schubert calculus.