We obtain structural results on translational tilings of periodic functions in $\mathbb{Z}^d$ by finite tiles. In particular, we show that any level one tiling of a periodic set in $\mathbb{Z}^2$ must be weakly periodic (the disjoint union of sets that are individually periodic in one direction), but present a counterexample of a higher level tiling of $\mathbb{Z}^2$ that fails to be weakly periodic. We also establish a quantitative version of the two-dimensional periodic tiling conjecture which asserts that any finite tile in $\mathbb{Z}^2$ that admits a tiling, must admit a periodic tiling, by providing a polynomial bound on the period; this also gives an exponential-type bound on the computational complexity of the problem of deciding whether a given finite subset of $\mathbb{Z}^2$ tiles or not. As a byproduct of our structural theory, we also obtain an explicit formula for a universal period for all tilings of a one-dimensional tile.