Let $M$ be a left $R$-module. We define the \emph{homomorphism submodule graph} $Γ_{\mathrm{Hom}}(M)$ as the simple graph whose vertices are the proper submodules of $M$, with an edge between distinct vertices $N_1$ and $N_2$ if and only if $\mathrm{Hom}_R(N_1, M/N_2) \ne 0$ or $\mathrm{Hom}_R(N_2, M/N_1) \ne 0$. This graph encodes homological information about $M$ and reflects its internal structure. We compute $Γ_{\mathrm{Hom}}(M)$ for semisimple and uniserial modules, establish precise correspondences between graph-theoretic and algebraic properties, and prove that for modules over Artinian local rings, the isomorphism type of $M$ is determined by $Γ_{\mathrm{Hom}}(M)$. We also show that over commutative rings with identity, the graph is always chordal, and we relate its spectral radius to composition length in natural families.