We classify one-element extensions of a hyperplane arrangement by the induced adjoint arrangement. Based on the classification, several kinds of combinatorial invariants including Whitney polynomials, characteristic polynomials, Whitney numbers and face numbers, are constants on those strata associated with the induced adjoint arrangement, and also order-preserving with respect to the intersection lattice of the induced adjoint arrangement. As a byproduct, we obtain a convolution formula on the characteristic polynomials $χ(\mathcal{A}+H_{\bmα,a},t)$ when $\mathcal{A}$ is defined over a finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$ or a rational arrangement.