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Complement Submodular Information Measures for Balanced and Robust Data Selection A Proof of a Conjecture on Positive and Negative Square Energies of Unicyclic Graphs Laplacian Spectrum of the Weakly Zero-Divisor Graph of a Finite Commutative Ring An identity for second Eulerian numbers via lattice-point counting $t$-tone edge coloring of graphs Constructing Maximal Bumpless Pipedreams for Double Grothendieck Polynomials Mubayi's Polynomial-Ideal Conjecture and Cover-Ideal Turán Methods Implicit Binarization via Complex Phase Dynamics in Combinatorial Optimization The limits of Schur multipliers in Pólya conversion problems for the $q$-permanent function Universality theorems for generalized splines Framing Triangulations for Arbitrary Integer Flow Polytopes On the Common Generalization of Gentle Algebras and Framed Directed Acyclic Graphs The complexity of frugal digraph homomorphisms Chaotic and periodic behavior of jeu de taquin on infinite Young tableaux Enumerating Pattern Avoiding Parking Functions Incidence toric ideals and three-point functions Unique Winning Opening Move in Three-Row Chomp Strong majority colorings of graphs A Balancing Theorem for Spanning Trees of Rectangular Grid Graphs Spectral radius and edge-disjoint connected factors of graphs New invariants for rank metric codes, with applications to the classification of rank two semifields of order 256 Flexible DP-4-coloring of planar graphs without 4-cycles and intersecting triangles Balanced intersection size distributions in projective planes List Reconstruction Problem with List Size Two Is Dimensionality a Barrier for Retrieval Models? The INIEP: Irreducible and Positive Realizations The number of Pfaffian orientations on punctured polygonally cellulated surfaces Explicit Construction of Polytopes whose Ehrhart Polynomials Realize any Given Sign Pattern Finite-state enumeration of adjacency-constrained 132-avoiding permutations AMDS and quantum AMDS Constacyclic codes of length $4p^ς$ over $\mathbb{F}_{{p}^{m}}$
An extremal problem for completely unclustered Burrows-Wh...
David Kumallagov · 2026-05-31 · via math.CO updates on arXiv.org

The Burrows--Wheeler transform is usually viewed as a clustering transform: it tends to group equal letters into long runs. We study the opposite extremal regime, where the BWT output is completely unclustered, that is, has as many equal-letter runs as positions. Known results imply, on the one hand, that the number of runs in the BWT of a Lyndon word can increase by at most a factor of two, and, on the other hand, that over every alphabet of size at least three completely unclustered BWT images exist in every length. This leads to the extremal problem lying between these two facts. For \(k\ge3\), let \(U_k(n)\) be the minimum cyclic run number of a primitive necklace of length \(n\) whose BWT has \(n\) runs. We prove the universal lower bound \(U_k(n)\ge\lceil n/2\rceil\), reduce the sharpness problem for one-cycle BWT images \(L\) to the Hamming identity \[ \cruns(\BWT^{-1}(L))=\dH(L,\sort(L)), \] and develop a natural multiset-of-necklaces relaxation with an explicit constant-cycle correction. We compute the small values, including the exceptional value \(U_k(6)=4\), prove a parity obstruction for the Parikh vectors of sharp examples, and determine the multiset relaxation exactly. Finally, for every prime \(p\equiv5\pmod8\) for which \(2\) is a primitive root modulo \(p\), we prove sharpness in the adjacent lengths \(p-1\) and \(p\). Under the corresponding Artin-type infinitude hypothesis, this gives infinitely many adjacent sharp pairs.