In this paper, we investigate a specific class of $q$-polynomial sequences that serve as a $q$-analogue of the classical Appell sequences. This framework offers an elegant approach to revisiting classical results by Carlitz and, more interestingly, to establishing an important extension of the Carlitz $q$-Bernoulli polynomials and numbers. In addition, we establish explicit series representations for our extended Carlitz $q$-Bernoulli numbers and express them in terms of $q$-Stirling numbers of the second kind. This leads to a novel formula that explicitly connects the Carlitz $q$-Bernoulli numbers with the $q$-Stirling numbers of the second kind.