Weighted Hurwitz numbers arise as coefficients in the power sum expansion of deformed hypergeometric $τ$--functions. They specialise to essentially all known cases of Hurwitz numbers, including classical, monotone, strictly monotone and completed cycles Hurwitz numbers. In this work, we develop a tropical geometry framework for their study, thus enabling a simultaneous investigation of all these cases. We obtain a correspondence theorem expressing weighted Hurwitz numbers in terms of tropical covers. Using this tropical approach, we generalise most known structural results previously obtained for the aforementioned special cases to all weighted Hurwitz numbers. In particular, we study their polynomiality and derive wall--crossing formulae. Moreover, we introduce elliptic weighted Hurwitz numbers and derive tropical mirror symmetry for these new invariants, i.e. we prove that their generating function is quasimodular and that they may be expressed as Feynman integrals.