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Complement Submodular Information Measures for Balanced and Robust Data Selection A Proof of a Conjecture on Positive and Negative Square Energies of Unicyclic Graphs Laplacian Spectrum of the Weakly Zero-Divisor Graph of a Finite Commutative Ring An identity for second Eulerian numbers via lattice-point counting $t$-tone edge coloring of graphs Constructing Maximal Bumpless Pipedreams for Double Grothendieck Polynomials Mubayi's Polynomial-Ideal Conjecture and Cover-Ideal Turán Methods Implicit Binarization via Complex Phase Dynamics in Combinatorial Optimization The limits of Schur multipliers in Pólya conversion problems for the $q$-permanent function Universality theorems for generalized splines Framing Triangulations for Arbitrary Integer Flow Polytopes On the Common Generalization of Gentle Algebras and Framed Directed Acyclic Graphs The complexity of frugal digraph homomorphisms Chaotic and periodic behavior of jeu de taquin on infinite Young tableaux Enumerating Pattern Avoiding Parking Functions Incidence toric ideals and three-point functions Unique Winning Opening Move in Three-Row Chomp Strong majority colorings of graphs A Balancing Theorem for Spanning Trees of Rectangular Grid Graphs Spectral radius and edge-disjoint connected factors of graphs New invariants for rank metric codes, with applications to the classification of rank two semifields of order 256 Flexible DP-4-coloring of planar graphs without 4-cycles and intersecting triangles Balanced intersection size distributions in projective planes List Reconstruction Problem with List Size Two Is Dimensionality a Barrier for Retrieval Models? The INIEP: Irreducible and Positive Realizations The number of Pfaffian orientations on punctured polygonally cellulated surfaces Explicit Construction of Polytopes whose Ehrhart Polynomials Realize any Given Sign Pattern Finite-state enumeration of adjacency-constrained 132-avoiding permutations AMDS and quantum AMDS Constacyclic codes of length $4p^ς$ over $\mathbb{F}_{{p}^{m}}$
A story of balls, randomness and PDEs
Anastasios Taliotis · 2019-06-24 · via math.CO updates on arXiv.org

Several differential equations usually appearing in mathematical physics are solved through a power series expansion, which reduces in solving difference equations. In this paper a probability problem is presented whose solution follows a completely reversed but systematic approach. Hence, this work is about illustrating how complex probability problems could be tackled with the more powerful techniques of a better studied and well understood field, that of differential equations. The problem is defined as follows: Inside a box containing r red and w white balls random removals occur. The balls are removed successively according to the three following rules. Rule I: If a white ball is chosen it is immediately discarded. If a red ball is chosen, it is placed back into the box and a new ball is randomly chosen. The second ball is then removed irrespective of the color. Rule II: Once one ball is removed, the game continues from Rule I. Rule III: The game ends once all the red balls are removed. The question posed is the determination of the probability that k white balls remain where k = 0, 1, 2, ..., w. Ending the game once all the white balls are removed, a second question is the determination of the probability that k red balls remain where k = 0, 1, 2, ..., r. While inductive solutions are possible, the current approach demonstrates a different and algorithmic route. In particular, the law of total probability yields a recursion that is transformed into a linear inhomogeneous 2D PDE, with suitable boundary conditions. The PDE solutions, which are found analytically, provide the generating functionals of the required probabilities as a function of r, w and k. Using the functionals, the probability formulas for any r, w and k are finally obtained in a closed form. Reproducing existing results of the literature this method is quite generic and adaptable to a large class of problems.