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Adaptive multi-fidelity optimization with fast learning rates Enhancing AI and Dynamical Subseasonal Forecasts with Probabilistic Bias Correction Sample Complexity Bounds for Stochastic Shortest Path with a Generative Model The Harder Path: Last Iterate Convergence for Uncoupled Learning in Zero-Sum Games with Bandit Feedback Stylistic-STORM (ST-STORM) : Perceiving the Semantic Nature of Appearance Collective Kernel EFT for Pre-activation ResNets PRIM-cipal components analysis One-Shot Generative Flows: Existence and Obstructions Structural interpretability in SVMs with truncated orthogonal polynomial kernels Amortized Optimal Transport from Sliced Potentials MinShap: A Modified Shapley Value Approach for Feature Selection Unsupervised feature selection using Bayesian Tucker decomposition Multi-User mmWave Beam and Rate Adaptation via Combinatorial Satisficing Bandits Best of both worlds: Stochastic & adversarial best-arm identification Scalable Model-Based Clustering with Sequential Monte Carlo Expert-Guided Class-Conditional Goodness-of-Fit Scores for Interpretable Classification with Informative Missingness: An Application to Seismic Monitoring Lightweight Geometric Adaptation for Training Physics-Informed Neural Networks Gating Enables Curvature: A Geometric Expressivity Gap in Attention Zeroth-Order Optimization at the Edge of Stability Differentially Private Conformal Prediction CLion: Efficient Cautious Lion Optimizer with Enhanced Generalization Generative Augmented Inference Improving Machine Learning Performance with Synthetic Augmentation PAC-MCTS: Bias-Aware Pruning for Robust LLM-Guided Search and Planning Path-Sampled Integrated Gradients Heat and Matérn Kernels on Matchings Doubly Outlier-Robust Online Infinite Hidden Markov Model Momentum Further Constrains Sharpness at the Edge of Stochastic Stability Multistage Conditional Compositional Optimization BOAT: Navigating the Sea of In Silico Predictors for Antibody Design via Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization
Achieving $ε^{-2}$ Sample Complexity for Single-Loop Acto...
Ishaq Hamza, Zaiwei Chen · 2026-05-13 · via stat.ML updates on arXiv.org

In this paper, we establish last-iterate convergence rates for off-policy actor--critic methods in reinforcement learning. In particular, under a single-loop, single-timescale implementation and a broad class of policy updates, including approximate policy iteration and natural policy gradient methods, we prove the first $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(ε^{-2})$ sample complexity guarantee for finding an $ε$-optimal policy under minimal assumptions, namely, the existence of a policy that induces an irreducible Markov chain. This stands in stark contrast to the existing literature, where an $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(ε^{-2})$ sample complexity is achieved only through nested-loop updates and/or under strong, algorithm-dependent assumptions on the policies, such as uniform mixing and uniform exploration. Technically, to address the challenges posed by the coupled update equations arising from the single-loop implementation, as well as the potentially unbounded iterates induced by off-policy learning, our analysis is based on a coupled Lyapunov drift framework. Specifically, we establish a geometric convergence rate for the actor and an $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(1/T)$ convergence rate for the critic, and combine the two Lyapunov drift inequalities through a cross-domination property. We believe this analytical framework is of independent interest and may be applicable to other coupled iterative algorithms with unbounded