In this paper, we are concerned with differentially private {stochastic gradient descent (SGD)} algorithms in the setting of stochastic convex optimization (SCO). Most of the existing work requires the loss to be Lipschitz continuous and strongly smooth, and the model parameter to be uniformly bounded. However, these assumptions are restrictive as many popular losses violate these conditions including the hinge loss for SVM, the absolute loss in robust regression, and even the least square loss in an unbounded domain. We significantly relax these restrictive assumptions and establish privacy and generalization (utility) guarantees for private SGD algorithms using output and gradient perturbations associated with non-smooth convex losses. Specifically, the loss function is relaxed to have an $α$-Hölder continuous gradient (referred to as $α$-Hölder smoothness) which instantiates the Lipschitz continuity ($α=0$) and the strong smoothness ($α=1$). We prove that noisy SGD with $α$-Hölder smooth losses using gradient perturbation can guarantee $(ε,δ)$-differential privacy (DP) and attain optimal excess population risk $\mathcal{O}\Big(\frac{\sqrt{d\log(1/δ)}}{nε}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\Big)$, up to logarithmic terms, with the gradient complexity $ \mathcal{O}( n^{2-α\over 1+α}+ n).$ This shows an important trade-off between $α$-Hölder smoothness of the loss and the computational complexity for private SGD with statistically optimal performance. In particular, our results indicate that $α$-Hölder smoothness with $α\ge {1/2}$ is sufficient to guarantee $(ε,δ)$-DP of noisy SGD algorithms while achieving optimal excess risk with the linear gradient complexity $\mathcal{O}(n).$