View PDF HTML (experimental)

Abstract:In June 2024, X (formerly Twitter) made likes from public to private, offering a rare, platform-level opportunity to study how the visibility of engagement signals affects users' behavior. Here, we investigate whether hiding liker identities increases the number of likes received by high-reputational-risk content, content for which public endorsement may carry high social or reputational costs due to its topic (e.g., politics) or the account context in which it appears (e.g., partisan accounts). To this end, we conduct two complementary studies: 1) a Difference-in-Differences analysis of 153,704 posts that are created by 1045 accounts and have received over 324 million likes on X (formerly Twitter) before and after the policy change; 2) a within-subject survey experiment with 203 X (formerly Twitter) users on participants' self-reported willingness to like different kinds of content. We find no detectable platform-level increase in likes for high-reputational-risk content (Study 1). Additionally, while participants in the survey experiment, particularly those with higher education and income, report modest increases in willingness to like high-reputational-risk content under private versus public visibility, these increases do not lead to significant changes in the group-level average likelihood of liking posts (Study 2). Taken together, our results suggest that hiding liker identity produces a limited behavioral response at the platform level, which may be caused by a gap between user intention and behavior.

Submission history

From: Yuwei Chuai [view email]
[v1] Fri, 16 Jan 2026 09:59:42 UTC (2,065 KB)
[v2] Tue, 28 Jul 2026 05:45:17 UTC (2,118 KB)