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cs.SE updates on arXiv.org

VLA Foundry: A Unified Framework for Training Vision-Language-Action Models Evaluating LLM-Generated Obfuscated XSS Payloads for Machine Learning-Based Detection Do Agents Dream of Root Shells? Partial-Credit Evaluation of LLM Agents in Capture the Flag Challenges Refute-or-Promote: An Adversarial Stage-Gated Multi-Agent Review Methodology for High-Precision LLM-Assisted Defect Discovery From Particles to Perils: SVGD-Based Hazardous Scenario Generation for Autonomous Driving Systems Testing Choose Your Own Adventure: Non-Linear AI-Assisted Programming with EvoGraph Human-Machine Co-Boosted Bug Report Identification with Mutualistic Neural Active Learning LLMSniffer: Detecting LLM-Generated Code via GraphCodeBERT and Supervised Contrastive Learning Neurosymbolic Repo-level Code Localization CodeMMR: Bridging Natural Language, Code, and Image for Unified Retrieval Symbolic Guardrails for Domain-Specific Agents: Stronger Safety and Security Guarantees Without Sacrificing Utility Verification Modulo Tested Library Contracts The Semi-Executable Stack: Agentic Software Engineering and the Expanding Scope of SE Scaling Test-Time Compute for Agentic Coding AI-Assisted Requirements Engineering: An Empirical Evaluation Relative to Expert Judgment From Procedural Skills to Strategy Genes: Towards Experience-Driven Test-Time Evolution Atropos: Improving Cost-Benefit Trade-off of LLM-based Agents under Self-Consistency with Early Termination and Model Hotswap Vibe-Coding: Feedback-Based Automated Verification with no Human Code Inspection, a Feasibility Study Benchmarks for Trajectory Safety Evaluation and Diagnosis in OpenClaw and Codex: ATBench-Claw and ATBench-Codex Bounded Autonomy for Enterprise AI: Typed Action Contracts and Consumer-Side Execution AIPC: Agent-Based Automation for AI Model Deployment with Qualcomm AI Runtime Analyzing Chain of Thought (CoT) Approaches in Control Flow Code Deobfuscation Tasks Asking What Matters: Reward-Driven Clarification for Software Engineering Tasks Prompt-Driven Code Summarization: A Systematic Literature Review LinuxArena: A Control Setting for AI Agents in Live Production Software Environments LLMs taking shortcuts in test generation: A study with SAP HANA and LevelDB Large Language Models to Enhance Business Process Modeling: Past, Present, and Future Trends CollabCoder: Plan-Code Co-Evolution via Collaborative Decision-Making for Efficient Code Generation Sentiment analysis for software engineering: How far can zero-shot learning (ZSL) go? Learning from Change: Predictive Models for Incident Prevention in a Regulated IT Environment
A Metamorphic Testing Approach to Diagnosing Memorization...
Milan De Koning, Ali Asgari, Pouria Derakhshanfar, Annibale Pani · 2026-04-23 · via cs.SE updates on arXiv.org

LLM-based automated program repair (APR) techniques have shown promising results in reducing debugging costs. However, prior results can be affected by data leakage: large language models (LLMs) may memorize bug fixes when evaluation benchmarks overlap with their pretraining data, leading to inflated performance estimates. In this paper, we investigate whether we can better reveal data leakage by combining metamorphic testing (MT) with negative log-likelihood (NLL), which has been used in prior work as a proxy for memorization. We construct variant benchmarks by applying semantics-preserving transformations to two widely used datasets, Defects4J and GitBug-Java. Using these benchmarks, we evaluate the repair success rates of seven LLMs on both original and transformed versions, and analyze the relationship between performance degradation and NLL. Our results show that all evaluated state-of-the-art LLMs exhibit substantial drops in patch generation success rates on transformed benchmarks, ranging from -4.1% for GPT-4o to -15.98% for Llama-3.1. Furthermore, we find that this degradation strongly correlates with NLL on the original benchmarks, suggesting that models perform better on instances they are more likely to have memorized. These findings show that combining MT with NLL provides stronger and more reliable evidence of data leakage, while metamorphic testing alone can help mitigate its effects in LLM-based APR evaluations.