Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) for Bengali, the world's fifth most spoken language, remains a significant challenge, critically hindering technological accessibility for its over 270 million speakers. This challenge is compounded by two persistent and intertwined factors: the language's vast dialectal diversity and the prevalence of acoustic noise in real-world environments. While state-of-the-art self-supervised learning (SSL) models have advanced ASR for low-resource languages, they often lack explicit mechanisms to handle environmental noise during pre-training or specialized adaptation strategies for the complex phonetic and lexical variations across Bengali dialects. This paper introduces a novel, unified framework designed to address these dual challenges simultaneously. Our approach is founded on the WavLM model, which is uniquely pre-trained with a masked speech denoising objective, making it inherently robust to acoustic distortions. We propose a specialized multi-stage fine-tuning strategy that first adapts the model to general-domain standard Bengali to establish a strong linguistic foundation and subsequently specializes it for noise-robust dialectal recognition through targeted data augmentation. The framework is rigorously evaluated on a comprehensive benchmark comprising multiple Bengali dialects under a wide range of simulated noisy conditions, from clean audio to low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) levels. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework significantly outperforms strong baselines, including standard fine-tuned wav2vec 2.0 and the large-scale multilingual Whisper model. This work establishes a new state-of-the-art for this task and provides a scalable, effective blueprint for developing practical ASR systems for other low-resource, high-variation languages globally.