Abstract:GNSS suffers from multipath errors in urban canyons, making reliable bicycle localization difficult. Hand-crafted inertial alternatives, such as cycling dead reckoning and nonholonomic constraints, fail to generalize across riders, postures, and road surfaces. This work implements learned inertial odometry for bicycle localization: a neural velocity predictor, trained on multirider, multi-bicycle, and multi-surface IMU data, is tightly coupled with an extended Kalman filter for three-dimensional pose estimation, replacing hand-crafted cycling models with a data-driven representation. To reduce computational overhead, the predictor is realized as a sparsely-gated Mixture of Experts (MoE) network with top-K routing, trained under an alternating parameter-freezing scheme with a per-expert capacity constraint to encourage diverse and balanced this http URL proposed model attains 0.333 m/s inference error, 9.49 m ATE, and 2.58 m RTE at only 28.76 M FLOPs. This corresponds to approximately 7 times and 9 times fewer FLOPs than the ResMLP and ResNet backbones used in LLIO and TLIO, while maintaining comparable or superior accuracy. The proposed MoE variants further rank first on both ATE and RTE across all evaluation splits, demonstrating strong generalization.
From: Hao Qiao [view email]
[v1]
Mon, 20 Oct 2025 14:52:50 UTC (1,812 KB)
[v2]
Sun, 26 Jul 2026 07:58:28 UTC (1,694 KB)
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