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MPCS: Neuroplastic Continual Learning via Multi-Component Plasticity and Topology-Aware EWC Combining Trained Models in Reinforcement Learning Training Non-Differentiable Networks via Optimal Transport ShiftLIF: Efficient Multi-Level Spiking Neurons with Power-of-Two Quantization Probe-Geometry Alignment: Erasing the Cross-Sequence Memorization Signature Below Chance Benchmarking local Hebbian learning rules for memory storage and prototype extraction Robust volatility updates for Hierarchical Gaussian Filtering Spiking Sequence Machines and Transformers Affinity Is Not Enough: Recovering the Free Energy Principle in Mixture-of-Experts Scalable Learning in Structured Recurrent Spiking Neural Networks without Backpropagation Geometric and dynamical analysis of attractor boundaries and storage limits in kernel Hopfield networks Attractor FCM Physical Foundation Models: Fixed hardware implementations of large-scale neural networks When Does Structure Matter in Continual Learning? Dimensionality Controls When Modularity Shapes Representational Geometry Learning to Forget: Continual Learning with Adaptive Weight Decay Causal Learning with Neural Assemblies NORACL: Neurogenesis for Oracle-free Resource-Adaptive Continual Learning Text-Utilization for Encoder-dominated Speech Recognition Models EdgeSpike: Spiking Neural Networks for Low-Power Autonomous Sensing in Edge IoT Architectures EvoTSC: Evolving Feature Learning Models for Time Series Classification via Genetic Programming Analysis and Explainability of LLMs Via Evolutionary Methods Deployment-Aligned Low-Precision Neural Architecture Search for Spaceborne Edge AI SeaEvo: Advancing Algorithm Discovery with Strategy Space Evolution Primitive Recursion without Composition: Dynamical Characterizations, from Neural Networks to Polynomial ODEs MAEO: Multiobjective Animorphic Ensemble Optimization for Scalable Large-scale Engineering Applications Necessary and sufficient conditions for universality of Kolmogorov-Arnold networks Learn&Drop: Fast Learning of CNNs based on Layer Dropping Architecture-Induced Recoverability Bias in Differentiable Symbolic Regression Collocation-based Robust Physics Informed Neural Networks for time-dependent simulations of pollution propagation under thermal inversion conditions on Spitsbergen Structure-Guided Diffusion Model for EEG-Based Visual Cognition Reconstruction
Deep learning to achieve clinically applicable segmentati...
Stanislav Nikolov, Sam Blackwell, Alexei Zverovitch, Ruheena Men · 2018-09-12 · via cs.NE updates on arXiv.org

Over half a million individuals are diagnosed with head and neck cancer each year worldwide. Radiotherapy is an important curative treatment for this disease, but it requires manual time consuming delineation of radio-sensitive organs at risk (OARs). This planning process can delay treatment, while also introducing inter-operator variability with resulting downstream radiation dose differences. While auto-segmentation algorithms offer a potentially time-saving solution, the challenges in defining, quantifying and achieving expert performance remain. Adopting a deep learning approach, we demonstrate a 3D U-Net architecture that achieves expert-level performance in delineating 21 distinct head and neck OARs commonly segmented in clinical practice. The model was trained on a dataset of 663 deidentified computed tomography (CT) scans acquired in routine clinical practice and with both segmentations taken from clinical practice and segmentations created by experienced radiographers as part of this research, all in accordance with consensus OAR definitions. We demonstrate the model's clinical applicability by assessing its performance on a test set of 21 CT scans from clinical practice, each with the 21 OARs segmented by two independent experts. We also introduce surface Dice similarity coefficient (surface DSC), a new metric for the comparison of organ delineation, to quantify deviation between OAR surface contours rather than volumes, better reflecting the clinical task of correcting errors in the automated organ segmentations. The model's generalisability is then demonstrated on two distinct open source datasets, reflecting different centres and countries to model training. With appropriate validation studies and regulatory approvals, this system could improve the efficiency, consistency, and safety of radiotherapy pathways.