Human-vehicle interaction in safety-critical traffic environments increasingly incorporates neural sensing to infer user intent and cognitive state, yet most existing approaches either treat electroencephalography (EEG) as a static biometric credential or train task-specific decoders that ignore long-term neurodynamic trajectories, lacking mechanisms for secure user identity and continual modeling of evolving cognitive states. This work proposes a self-supervised evolutionary learning (SSEL) framework that discovers individualized neurodynamic progressions and intrinsic identity manifolds directly from continuous EEG, without external labels or predefined cognitive stage models. SSEL jointly optimizes within-stage temporal predictability, boundary contrast, cross-trial alignment, and sparse stage-specific feature weights, while a population-based evolutionary search enables direct optimization in the discrete, non-differentiable space of candidate segmentations. We validate the framework on EEG recorded from participants performing a simulated road-crossing decision task, a canonical safety-critical scenario in which perceptual assessment, risk evaluation, and decision commitment unfold over time. The learned segmentations reveal stable, person-specific stage structures and neurodynamic signatures that support authentication and anomaly detection. Compared to inference-based segmentation baselines, SSEL achieves orders-of-magnitude higher boundary contrast, substantial gains in cross-trial generalization of intention boundaries, and more interpretable, sparse stage-wise feature attributions. Beyond performance, the framework advances a progression-aware perspective on cognitive neurodynamics, where security, resilience, and personalization emerge from the intrinsic temporal structure of brain activity, with implications for next-generation smart urban and transportation infrastructures.