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MPCS: Neuroplastic Continual Learning via Multi-Component Plasticity and Topology-Aware EWC Combining Trained Models in Reinforcement Learning Training Non-Differentiable Networks via Optimal Transport ShiftLIF: Efficient Multi-Level Spiking Neurons with Power-of-Two Quantization Probe-Geometry Alignment: Erasing the Cross-Sequence Memorization Signature Below Chance Benchmarking local Hebbian learning rules for memory storage and prototype extraction Robust volatility updates for Hierarchical Gaussian Filtering Spiking Sequence Machines and Transformers Affinity Is Not Enough: Recovering the Free Energy Principle in Mixture-of-Experts Scalable Learning in Structured Recurrent Spiking Neural Networks without Backpropagation Geometric and dynamical analysis of attractor boundaries and storage limits in kernel Hopfield networks Attractor FCM Physical Foundation Models: Fixed hardware implementations of large-scale neural networks When Does Structure Matter in Continual Learning? Dimensionality Controls When Modularity Shapes Representational Geometry Learning to Forget: Continual Learning with Adaptive Weight Decay Causal Learning with Neural Assemblies NORACL: Neurogenesis for Oracle-free Resource-Adaptive Continual Learning Text-Utilization for Encoder-dominated Speech Recognition Models EdgeSpike: Spiking Neural Networks for Low-Power Autonomous Sensing in Edge IoT Architectures EvoTSC: Evolving Feature Learning Models for Time Series Classification via Genetic Programming Analysis and Explainability of LLMs Via Evolutionary Methods Deployment-Aligned Low-Precision Neural Architecture Search for Spaceborne Edge AI SeaEvo: Advancing Algorithm Discovery with Strategy Space Evolution Primitive Recursion without Composition: Dynamical Characterizations, from Neural Networks to Polynomial ODEs MAEO: Multiobjective Animorphic Ensemble Optimization for Scalable Large-scale Engineering Applications Necessary and sufficient conditions for universality of Kolmogorov-Arnold networks Generalization Bounds of Spiking Neural Networks via Rademacher Complexity Learn&Drop: Fast Learning of CNNs based on Layer Dropping Architecture-Induced Recoverability Bias in Differentiable Symbolic Regression Collocation-based Robust Physics Informed Neural Networks for time-dependent simulations of pollution propagation under thermal inversion conditions on Spitsbergen
Wolkowicz-Styan Upper Bound on the Hessian Eigenspectrum ...
Yuto Omae, Kazuki Sakai, Yohei Kakimoto, Makoto Sasaki, Yusuke S · 2026-04-11 · via cs.NE updates on arXiv.org

Neural networks (NNs) are central to modern machine learning and achieve state-of-the-art results in many applications. However, the relationship between loss geometry and generalization is still not well understood. The local geometry of the loss function near a critical point is well-approximated by its quadratic form, obtained through a second-order Taylor expansion. The coefficients of the quadratic term correspond to the Hessian matrix, whose eigenspectrum allows us to evaluate the sharpness of the loss at the critical point. Extensive research suggests flat critical points generalize better, while sharp ones lead to higher generalization error. However, sharpness requires the Hessian eigenspectrum, but general matrix characteristic equations have no closed-form solution. Therefore, most existing studies on evaluating loss sharpness rely on numerical approximation methods. Existing closed-form analyses of the eigenspectrum are primarily limited to simplified architectures, such as linear or ReLU-activated networks; consequently, theoretical analysis of smooth nonlinear multilayer neural networks remains limited. Against this background, this study focuses on nonlinear, smooth multilayer neural networks and derives a closed-form upper bound for the maximum eigenvalue of the Hessian with respect to the cross-entropy loss by leveraging the Wolkowicz-Styan bound. Specifically, the derived upper bound is expressed as a function of the affine transformation parameters, hidden layer dimensions, and the degree of orthogonality among the training samples. The primary contribution of this paper is an analytical characterization of loss sharpness in smooth nonlinear multilayer neural networks via a closed-form expression, avoiding explicit numerical eigenspectrum computation. We hope that this work provides a small yet meaningful step toward unraveling the mysteries of deep learning.