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PAC Learning with Bandit Feedback: Sharp Sample Complexity in the Realizable Setting Algorithms with Polynomially-Improved Approximation Factors for the $2 \rightarrow q$ Norm, and Applications A computational phase transition for learning-to-sample from Ising models Covering vertices by sequential stars Fermi-Dirac machines as quantizations of neurons A Comprehensive Evaluation of Vertex Elimination Algorithms for Algorithmic Differentiation A Tight Bound on Localization of Electrical Flows Optimal Dimension-Free Sampling for Regularized Classification Reducing the Randomness in Partition Oracles for Bounded Degree Minor-Free Graphs Beyond the Half-Approximation: Fair and Efficient Online Class Matching Efficient Uniform Sampling of Surjections via their Profiles Tractable Maximization of Budgeted Phylogenetic Diversity on Networks Utilizing Node Scanwidth Fairness in Aggregation: Optimal Top-$k$ and Improved Full Ranking Learning-Augmented Online Scheduling with Parsimonious Preemption Entropy Equivalence Testing Lumberjack: Better Differentially Private Random Forests through Heavy Hitter Detection in Trees The Secretary Problem with a Stochastic Precursor Polynomial-Time Robust Multiclass Linear Classification under Gaussian Marginals Efficient Banzhaf-Based Data Valuation for $k$-Nearest Neighbors Classification Block-Sphere Vector Quantization An Approximation Algorithm for Graph Label Selection Iterative Chow Filtering for Learning with Distribution Shift Complexity of Non-Log-Concave Sampling in Fisher Information Stochastic Matching via Local Sparsification Finite Sample Bounds for Learning with Score Matching What is Learnable in Valiant's Theory of the Learnable? Provable Quantization with Randomized Hadamard Transform Min-Max Optimization Requires Exponentially Many Queries Fast and Compact Graph Cuts for the Boykov-Kolmogorov Algorithm A proximal gradient algorithm for composite log-concave sampling
Transposition is Nearly Optimal for IID List Update
Christian Coester · 2026-03-11 · via cs.DS updates on arXiv.org

The list update problem is one of the oldest and simplest problems in online algorithms: A set of items must be maintained in a list while requests to these items arrive over time. Whenever an item is requested, the algorithm pays a cost equal to the position of the item in the list. In the i.i.d. model, where requests are drawn independently from a fixed distribution, the static ordering by decreasing access probabilities $p_1\ge p_2\ge \dots \ge p_n$ achieves the minimal expected access cost OPT$=\sum_{i=1}^n ip_i$. However, $p$ is typically unknown, and approximating it by tracking access frequencies creates undesirable overheads. We prove that the Transposition rule (swap the requested item with its predecessor) has expected access cost at most OPT$+1$ in its stationary distribution. This confirms a 50-year-old conjecture by Rivest up to an unavoidable additive constant. More abstractly, it yields a purely memoryless procedure to approximately sort probabilities via sampling. Our proof is based on a decomposition of excess cost, and its technical core is a "sign-eliminating" combinatorial injection to witness nonnegativity of a constrained multivariate polynomial.