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DUAL-BLADE: Dual-Path NVMe-Direct KV-Cache Offloading for Edge LLM Inference Progressive Semantic Communication for Efficient Edge-Cloud Vision-Language Models Efficient, VRAM-Constrained xLM Inference on Clients Folding Tensor and Sequence Parallelism for Memory-Efficient Transformer Training & Inference DORA: A Scalable Asynchronous Reinforcement Learning System for Language Model Training AMMA: A Multi-Chiplet Memory-Centric Architecture for Low-Latency 1M Context Attention Serving RaMP: Runtime-Aware Megakernel Polymorphism for Mixture-of-Experts Spark Policy Toolkit: Semantic Contracts and Scalable Execution for Policy Learning in Spark Internet of Everything in the 6G Era: Paradigms, Enablers, Potentials and Future Directions PolyKV: A Shared Asymmetrically-Compressed KV Cache Pool for Multi-Agent LLM Inference A Survey on Split Learning for LLM Fine-Tuning: Models, Systems, and Privacy Optimizations ITAS: A Multi-Agent Architecture for LLM-Based Intelligent Tutoring Latency and Cost of Multi-Agent Intelligent Tutoring at Scale TACO: Efficient Communication Compression of Intermediate Tensors for Scalable Tensor-Parallel LLM Training FreeScale: Distributed Training for Sequence Recommendation Models with Minimal Scaling Cost CommFuse: Hiding Tail Latency via Communication Decomposition and Fusion for Distributed LLM Training A Taxonomy and Resolution Strategy for Client-Level Disagreements in Federated Learning Usable Agent Discovery for Decentralized AI Systems Cloud to Edge: Benchmarking LLM Inference On Hardware-Accelerated Single-Board Computers Data-Free Contribution Estimation in Federated Learning using Gradient von Neumann Entropy Shard the Gradient, Scale the Model: Serverless Federated Aggregation via Gradient Partitioning Promoting Simple Agents: Ensemble Methods for Event-Log Prediction GraphLeap: Decoupling Graph Construction and Convolution for Vision GNN Acceleration on FPGA AGNT2: Autonomous Agent Economies on Interaction-Optimized Layer 2 Infrastructure FedSIR: Spectral Client Identification and Relabeling for Federated Learning with Noisy Labels Stream-CQSA: Avoiding Out-of-Memory in Attention Computation via Flexible Workload Scheduling A Delta-Aware Orchestration Framework for Scalable Multi-Agent Edge Computing Federated Learning over Blockchain-Enabled Cloud Infrastructure Optimal Routing for Federated Learning over Dynamic Satellite Networks: Tractable or Not? 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Dimensional Misalignment in Compressed LLMs veScale-FSDP: Flexible and High-Performance FSDP at Scale AEG: A Baremetal Framework for AI Acceleration via Direct Hardware Access in Heterogeneous Accelerators ACE-Bench: A Lightweight Benchmark for Evaluating Azure SDK Usage Correctness StreamServe: Adaptive Speculative Flows for Low-Latency Disaggregated LLM Serving Emergent Social Structures in Autonomous AI Agent Networks: A Metadata Analysis of 626 Agents on the Pilot Protocol SPEED-Bench: A Unified and Diverse Benchmark for Speculative Decoding Para-B&B: Load-Balanced Deterministic Parallelization of Solving MIP Rashomon Sets and Model Multiplicity in Federated Learning Characterizing WebGPU Dispatch Overhead for LLM Inference Across Four GPU Vendors, Three Backends, and Three Browsers Scalable Explainability-as-a-Service (XaaS) for Edge AI Systems NPU Design for Diffusion Language Model Inference PRAXIS: Integrating Program Analysis with Observability for Root-Cause Analysis BitFlipScope: Scalable Fault Localization and Recovery for Bit-Flip Corruptions in LLMs Cornfigurator: Automated Planning for Any-to-Any Multimodal Model Serving SHARe-KAN: Post-Training Vector Quantization for Cache-Resident KAN Inference Spira: Exploiting Voxel Data Structural Properties for Efficient Sparse Convolution in Point Cloud Networks Power to the Clients: Federated Learning in a Dictatorship Setting From Tokens to Layers: Redefining Stall-Free Scheduling for MoE Serving with Layered Prefill Speculative Actions: A Lossless Framework for Faster Agentic Systems InfiniPipe: Elastic Pipeline Parallelism for Efficient Variable-Length Long-Context LLM Training DPQuant: Efficient and Differentially-Private Model Training via Dynamic Quantization Scheduling HFX: Joint Design of Algorithms and Systems for Multi-SLO Serving and Fast Scaling Reliable Microservice Tail Latency Prediction via Decoupled Dual-Stream Learning and Gradient Modulation On the Surprising Effectiveness of a Single Global Merging in Decentralized Learning FedRef: Bayesian Fine-Tuning using a Reference Model to Mitigate Catastrophic Forgetting for Heterogeneous Federated Learning Sandwich: Joint Configuration Search and Hot-Switching for Efficient CPU LLM Serving MegaScale-Data: Scaling Dataloader for Multisource Large Foundation Model Training RESFL: An Uncertainty-Aware Framework for Responsible Federated Learning by Balancing Privacy, Fairness and Utility BatchLLM: Optimizing Large Batched LLM Inference with Global Prefix Sharing and Throughput-oriented Token Batching Deep Optimizer States: Towards Scalable Training of Transformer Models Using Interleaved Offloading CoreGuard: Safeguarding Foundational Capabilities of LLMs Against Model Stealing in Edge Deployment Cloudless-Training: A Framework to Improve Efficiency of Geo-Distributed ML Training
inference-fleet-sim: A Queueing-Theory-Grounded Fleet Capacity Planner for LLM Inference
Huamin Chen, Xunzhuo Liu, Yuhan Liu, Junchen Jiang, Bowei He, Xu · 2026-03-17 · via cs.DC updates on arXiv.org

Sizing a GPU fleet for LLM inference is harder than it looks. The obvious questions -- how many GPUs, which type, where to split a two-pool fleet -- have no closed-form answers. They depend on the full token-length distribution, the routing policy, and queueing dynamics that turn ugly under heavy-tailed workloads. Existing tools optimize per-engine configuration for a fixed GPU count; none of them address the upstream question of how many GPUs to buy and how to arrange them. inference-fleet-sim fills that gap. It combines analytical M/G/c queueing with discrete-event simulation (DES) to find the minimum-cost fleet configuration that empirically meets a P99 TTFT SLO. It includes a physics-informed GPU performance model covering A10G, A100, and H100 across monolithic, two-pool-routed, and disaggregated topologies, all without requiring access to real hardware. We run the tool on seven fleet-planning scenarios drawn from two public workload traces (LMSYS, Azure) and one synthetic agent-heavy trace. Each one surfaces a result that simple analysis gets wrong -- the right split threshold, the cheapest GPU type, whether an apparently idle fleet is actually broken -- and shows why joint simulation of queueing, routing, and hardware is necessary to find it.

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