Large Language Model-based (LLM-based) Text-to-SQL methods have achieved important progress in generating SQL queries for real-world applications. When confronted with table content-aware questions in real-world scenarios, ambiguous data content keywords and nonexistent database schema column names within the question lead to the poor performance of existing methods. To solve this problem, we propose a novel approach towards Table Content-aware Text-to-SQL with Self-Retrieval (TCSR-SQL). It leverages LLM's in-context learning capability to extract data content keywords within the question and infer possible related database schema, which is used to generate Seed SQL to fuzz search databases. The search results are further used to confirm the encoding knowledge with the designed encoding knowledge table, including column names and exact stored content values used in the SQL. The encoding knowledge is sent to obtain the final Precise SQL following multi-rounds of generation-execution-revision process. To validate our approach, we introduce a table-content-aware, question-related benchmark dataset, containing 2115 question-SQL pairs. Comprehensive experiments conducted on this benchmark demonstrate the remarkable performance of TCSR-SQL, achieving an improvement of at least 27.8% in execution accuracy compared to other state-of-the-art methods.