Abstract:Decentralized storage faces a fundamental trade-off between replication overhead, recovery efficiency, and security guarantees. Current approaches either rely on full replication, incurring substantial storage costs, or employ erasure-coding schemes that struggle with efficient recovery, especially under high churn. We present Walrus, a decentralized blob storage system that addresses these limitations through multiple technical innovations.
At the core of Walrus is Red Stuff, a two-dimensional erasure-coding protocol that achieves high security with only a 4.5x replication factor, while providing self-healing of lost data. This means that recovery is done without centralized coordination and requires bandwidth proportional to the amount of lost data.
However, Red Stuff on its own is not sufficient for Walrus, as it is designed with a static set of participants in mind. To further support decentralization, we also introduce a multi-stage epoch-change protocol that efficiently handles storage node churn while maintaining uninterrupted availability during committee transitions. Our system incorporates authenticated data structures to defend against malicious clients and ensure data consistency throughout storage and retrieval. Walrus has been deployed in production since March 2025 and has secured 686 TB of data by July 2026. We conduct an experimental evaluation of the deployed system and demonstrate that Walrus achieves practical performance at scale and outperforms the Arweave decentralized storage system.
From: Markus Legner [view email]
[v1]
Thu, 8 May 2025 16:06:41 UTC (385 KB)
[v2]
Mon, 9 Jun 2025 16:08:54 UTC (342 KB)
[v3]
Fri, 20 Feb 2026 16:24:40 UTC (268 KB)
[v4]
Mon, 10 Aug 2026 12:49:12 UTC (237 KB)
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