Authenticating CLI Tools With Descope

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Mrunank Pawa · 2026-05-01 · via DEV Community

This blog was originally published on <a href="https://www.descope.com/blog/post/cli-tool-auth" rel="noopener noreferrer">Descope</a>. Need to add authentication to your command-line tool? Most command-line applications rely on API keys, manual token management, and other methods that create friction for users who just want to get authenticated. In this blog, we'll walk through the challenges of CLI authentication and how to implement it seamlessly with Descope Inbound Apps. We'll also show how to bring <a href="https://www.descope.com/learn/post/oauth" rel="noopener noreferrer">OAuth 2.0</a> directly to your CLI app with code examples in Go. <h2> What is CLI authentication? </h2> In the context of command-line applications, authentication presents a unique challenge: how do you securely authenticate users in an environment that traditionally lacks the interactive elements of web applications? Most CLI tools handle this via the tedious storage of API keys in configuration files or environment variables. This approach creates friction for users and introduces security risks as a byproduct of storing credentials in plain text or across systems. Consider this scenario: You switch to a new laptop and need to set up various CLI applications, such as deployment tools, database clients, cloud service CLIs, and internal company tools. For each of these tools, you will need to generate API keys from different dashboards, make new cryptic environment variables to store these values, and save them in obscure configuration files. Now, you have API keys scattered across config files and tokens with overly broad permissions because of mishandled scoping. And eventually when you leave your company, IT will have no way to revoke access to these tools with these keys. This is the tax of API key storage for authentication and the potential security nightmare. CLI authentication using OAuth 2.0 solves this by bringing the familiar browser-based authentication flow directly to terminal applications. Users are able to authenticate through the same OAuth providers and flows they use in web applications. <a href="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Fbzl52djpclw1t6suh2ia.png" class="article-body-image-wrapper"><img src="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Fbzl52djpclw1t6suh2ia.png" alt="Fig: Familiar browser-based authentication flow" width="356" height="512"></a> <h2> How authentication looks with Descope Inbound Apps </h2> Inbound apps in Descope turn your application into an identity provider, making it compliant with OAuth standards and allowing third-party applications, APIs, and tools to authenticate and access authorized user data through a user consent flow with scope-based access control. They also handle OAuth flows and contain the necessary credentials for OAuth parameters, redirect URIs, and authentication settings. If you would like to learn more, check out our <a href="https://www.descope.com/blog/post/inbound-apps" rel="noopener noreferrer">blog on Inbound Apps</a>. When a user runs an authentication command, or any command that requires authentication to use, the CLI tool generates an OAuth authorization URL corresponding to your Inbound App and opens the link in the user's default browser. The user then proceeds to complete the standard OAuth flow in their browser, signing in and authorizing the inbound app. Finally, the CLI app will receive the authorization callback with the necessary tokens to act on the user's behalf. <h2> Example: CLI authentication in Golang </h2> Now that we understand the purpose of CLI authentication and what our authentication flow looks like with Descope Inbound Apps, we can implement our own sample application. <h3> Prerequisites and set up </h3> Before we dive into our CLI application, make sure you have Go 1.19 or later and a configured Descope Inbound App. If you're new to Descope, no problem. To get started, <a href="https://www.descope.com/sign-up" rel="noopener noreferrer">sign up</a> for a free account on Descope <a href="https://docs.descope.com/tutorials" rel="noopener noreferrer">Get started docs</a>. <h3> Step 1: Create your Descope Inbound App </h3> Navigate to your <a href="https://app.descope.com/home" rel="noopener noreferrer">Descope console</a> and click on <a href="https://app.descope.com/apps/inbound" rel="noopener noreferrer">Inbound Apps</a> in the left sidebar. <a href="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Frw0u5j8wvqwmywx4r87u.png" class="article-body-image-wrapper"><img src="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Frw0u5j8wvqwmywx4r87u.png" alt="Fig: Descope Inbound Apps page" width="800" height="392"></a> Click the + Inbound App button and give your app a name. Once created, you can configure scopes and view your connection information. <h3> Step 2: Set up your Go command-line app with Cobra </h3> To initialize your new Go module and install the Cobra generator, run: <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight shell"><code>go mod init <your-module-name> && go install github.com/spf13/cobra-cli@latest && go get github.com/spf13/cobra && cobra-cli init </code></pre> </div> Now, you will see your basic project structure including your main application file (<code>main.go</code>) and a <code>cmd</code> folder containing your <code>root.go</code> file. You should see the following in the <code>root.go</code> file: <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight go"><code>package cmd import ( "os" "github.com/spf13/cobra" ) var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{ Use: "clidemo", Short: "A brief description of your application", Long: `A longer description that spans multiple lines and likely contains examples and usage of using your application. For example: Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications. This application is a tool to generate the needed files to quickly create a Cobra application.`, Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {}, } func Execute() { err := rootCmd.Execute() if err != nil { os.Exit(1) } } func init() { rootCmd.Flags().BoolP("toggle", "t", false, "Help message for toggle") } </code></pre> </div> For the purposes of the demonstration, we will be using the <code>Run</code> in <code>rootCmd</code> in order to run our authentication flow upon program execution. <h3> Step 3: Configuring your Inbound App </h3> Connecting to your Inbound App requires setting up the relevant credentials. The form of the configuration will look like this: <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight go"><code>type InboundAppConfig struct { Issuer string JwksURI string AuthorizationEndpoint string ResponseTypesSupported []string SubjectTypesSupported []string IdTokenSigningAlgValuesSupported []string CodeChallengeMethodsSupported []string TokenEndpoint string UserInfoEndpoint string ScopesSupported []string ClaimsSupported []string RevocationEndpoint string RegistrationEndpoint string } // then, in your Run function, define your configuration // the base URL and project ID should be defined as environmental variables config := InboundAppConfig{ Issuer: DESCOPE_BASE_URL + "/v1/apps/" + DESCOPE_PROJECT_ID, JwksURI: DESCOPE_BASE_URL + "/" + DESCOPE_PROJECT_ID + "/.well-known/jwks.json", AuthorizationEndpoint: DESCOPE_BASE_URL + "/oauth2/v1/apps/authorize", ResponseTypesSupported: []string{"code"}, SubjectTypesSupported: []string{"public"}, IdTokenSigningAlgValuesSupported: []string{"RS256"}, CodeChallengeMethodsSupported: []string{"S256"}, TokenEndpoint: DESCOPE_BASE_URL + "/oauth2/v1/apps/token", UserInfoEndpoint: DESCOPE_BASE_URL + "/oauth2/v1/apps/userinfo", ScopesSupported: []string{"openid"}, ClaimsSupported: []string{ "iss", "aud", "iat", "exp", "sub", "name", "email", "email_verified", "phone_number", "phone_number_verified", "picture", "family_name", "given_name", }, RevocationEndpoint: DESCOPE_BASE_URL + "/oauth2/v1/apps/revoke", RegistrationEndpoint: DESCOPE_BASE_URL + "/v1/mgmt/inboundapp/app/" + DESCOPE_PROJECT_ID + "/register", } </code></pre> </div> This is a blueprint for the Inbound App, identifying it by the aforementioned connection information. Next, we create a handler for OpenID Connect discovery requests through the <code>.well-known/openid-configuration</code> endpoint. <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight go"><code>http.HandleFunc("/.well-known/openid-configuration", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json") w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*") w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "GET, OPTIONS") w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Content-Type, mcp-protocol-version") if r.Method == http.MethodOptions { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent) return } json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(config) // using our Inbound App config }) </code></pre> </div> <h3> Step 4: Generating an OAuth URL </h3> Creating the parameters for the OAuth URL requires creating an OAuth2 CSRF state, a PKCE code verifier, and a code challenge. The state prevents Cross-Site Forgery attacks, verifying that the state remains the same when starting the OAuth2 flow and when redirecting back to the app. The Proof Key for Code Exchange code verifier is hashed in the code challenge, and the server verifies the two values are corresponding when exchanging the authorization code for tokens. To create these parameters, we will make a <code>util.go</code> class for the associated functions. <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight go"><code>func randomString(n int) string { // used to generate the state & verifier b := make([]byte, n) rand.Read(b) return base64URLEncode(b) } func sha256Hash(input string) []byte { // for hashing the verifier h := sha256.New() h.Write([]byte(input)) return h.Sum(nil) } func base64URLEncode(data []byte) string { // for encoding the string & hash return strings.TrimRight(base64.URLEncoding.WithPadding(base64.NoPadding).EncodeToString(data), "=") } </code></pre> </div> Then, in <code>root.go</code>, we create the authorization URL using the authorization endpoint and params: <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight go"><code>state := randomString(16) codeVerifier := randomString(64) codeChallenge := base64URLEncode(sha256Hash(codeVerifier)) params := url.Values{ "response_type": {"code"}, "client_id": {DESCOPE_CLIENT_ID}, "redirect_uri": {REDIRECT_URI}, "scope": {""}, "state": {state}, "code_challenge": {codeChallenge}, "code_challenge_method": {"S256"}, } authURL := config.AuthorizationEndpoint + "?" + params.Encode() </code></pre> </div> <h3> Step 5: Authorization callback and retrieving tokens </h3> Now, we will set up a channel to receive our authorization code and exchange it for tokens. Go makes this elegant: <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight go"><code>codeChan := make(chan string) // channel receiving strings srv := &http.Server{Addr: ":8080"} // server to listen to </code></pre> </div> Since the redirect URI is configured to <code>http://localhost:8080/callback</code> (can be configured to a custom redirect URI), we set up an HTTP server listening on port 8080 to handle the OAuth callback response. We then handle the OAuth callback through a couple of steps: <h4> Error handling </h4> Verify that the OAuth provider did not send back any error. <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight go"><code>if errorCode := r.URL.Query().Get("error"); errorCode != "" { errorDesc := r.URL.Query().Get("error_description") log.Printf("OAuth Error: %s - %s", errorCode, errorDesc) http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("OAuth error: %s - %s", errorCode, errorDesc), http.StatusBadRequest) return } </code></pre> </div> <h4> State validation </h4> Compare the state parameter of the callback URL to the originally generated CSRF state. <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight go"><code>if r.URL.Query().Get("state") != state { http.Error(w, "Invalid state", http.StatusBadRequest) return } </code></pre> </div> <h4> Authorization code extraction </h4> Look for the code parameter of the callback URL provided after successful login. <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight go"><code>code := r.URL.Query().Get("code") if code == "" { http.Error(w, "Missing code", http.StatusBadRequest) return } </code></pre> </div> <h4> Success! </h4> Receive the authorization code and output a success on the page for visual representation. <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight go"><code>fmt.Fprintln(w, "Login successful! You may close this browser window.") codeChan <- code </code></pre> </div> <h4> Opening the browser, posting, and fetching the token </h4> We want the user to interact with the authorization URL to proceed with the callback. In order to open the user browser, we add the following to our <code>util.go</code>: <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight go"><code>func openBrowser(url string) { var cmd string var args []string switch runtime.GOOS { case "windows": cmd = "rundll32" args = []string{"url.dll,FileProtocolHandler", url} case "darwin": cmd = "open" args = []string{url} default: cmd = "xdg-open" args = []string{url} } exec.Command(cmd, args...).Start() } </code></pre> </div> The function will call the corresponding shell command to open the user's browser for their respective operating system. Our next steps to retrieve the token response will be to post a request to the token endpoint of the following form: <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight go"><code>"grant_type": {"authorization_code"}, // grant by auth code "client_id": {DESCOPE_CLIENT_ID}, // your inbound app client id "code": {code}, // the code fetched from the channel "redirect_uri": {REDIRECT_URI}, // your redirect URI "code_verifier": {codeVerifier}, // previously calculated verifier </code></pre> </div> And, putting it all together with a final authentication message on the CLI app: <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight go"><code>openBrowser(authURL) code := <-codeChan srv.Shutdown(context.Background()) resp, err := http.PostForm(config.TokenEndpoint, url.Values{ "grant_type": {"authorization_code"}, "client_id": {DESCOPE_CLIENT_ID}, "code": {code}, "redirect_uri": {REDIRECT_URI}, "code_verifier": {codeVerifier}, }) if err != nil { log.Fatalf("Token exchange error: %v", err) } defer resp.Body.Close() if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK { log.Fatalf("Token exchange failed with status: %d", resp.StatusCode) } var tokenResp map[string]interface{} // response format in Go if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&tokenResp); err != nil { log.Fatalf("Invalid token response: %v", err) } fmt.Println("Welcome! You have successfully authenticated with Descope") </code></pre> </div> <h3> Visualizing the Flow </h3> Run your application: <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight shell"><code>go run main.go </code></pre> </div> Then, your browser will open a new page: <a href="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Fbzl52djpclw1t6suh2ia.png" class="article-body-image-wrapper"><img src="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Fbzl52djpclw1t6suh2ia.png" alt="Fig: Sign in prompt opened via the authorization URL" width="356" height="512"></a> Sign in with your preferred method. You will then be prompted to authorize: <a href="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2F1lgtktbi237zknb9b928.png" class="article-body-image-wrapper"><img src="https://media2.dev.to/dynamic/image/width=800%2Cheight=%2Cfit=scale-down%2Cgravity=auto%2Cformat=auto/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2F1lgtktbi237zknb9b928.png" alt="Fig: The Inbound App authorization page after signing in" width="447" height="512"></a> Next, you will see the browser output after authenticating the user and successfully authorizing the Inbound App: <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight plaintext"><code>Login successful! You may close this browser window. </code></pre> </div> Finally, the CLI app will print a success message after receiving the authorization callback: <div class="highlight js-code-highlight"> <pre class="highlight plaintext"><code>Welcome! You have successfully authenticated with Descope Inbound Apps. </code></pre> </div> If you would like to see the full sample code, it is available in our <a href="https://github.com/descope/descope-cli-auth" rel="noopener noreferrer">Github repository</a>. <h2> CLI authentication made simpler with Descope </h2> CLI auth with Descope Inbound Apps makes your command-line authentication flow smoother, safer, and free of user friction. Users will be able to authenticate with the same OAuth providers and flows they use in web applications, providing a seamless and familiar experience. <a href="https://www.descope.com/sign-up" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sign up</a> for a Free Forever Descope account now to start creating frictionless CLI authentication flows. You can also dive into more auth best practices by joining <a href="https://www.descope.com/community" rel="noopener noreferrer">AuthTown</a>, our community of developers building better identity experiences. Got questions about Descope? <a href="https://www.descope.com/demo" rel="noopener noreferrer">Book time</a> with our auth experts.

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