Why Promise.race, Promise.all, and async helpers need an ownership model for cancellation, cleanup, and production agent work.

Three providers. One winner. Three invoices.

const winner = await Promise.race([
  fetch(OPENAI,    { body }),
  fetch(ANTHROPIC, { body }),
  fetch(GEMINI,    { body }),
]);

It is easy to assume a race cancels the losers. Native Promise.race resolves on the first settlement and leaves every other promise running unless the caller wires cancellation into each branch. TCP completes. Tokens bill. .then callbacks fire. Cleanup remains a manual convention. Promise.any and Promise.all have the same ownership gap.

Native promises model values, not ownership. There is no ownership parent, no built-in cancellation path, and no scope cleanup contract.

There is still work running after the value settles.

The one line that fixes the 80% case

Before we fix racing, fix the thing every codebase does first: process a list of items with concurrency, retries, and a timeout.

import { work } from "@workit/core";

await work(items)
  .inParallel(8)
  .withRetry(3)
  .withTimeout("5s")
  .do(async (item, ctx) => {
    ctx.report({ message: `processing ${item.id}` });
    return apiCall(item, { signal: ctx.signal });
  });

That isn't a custom Promise chain. It isn't a standalone concurrency helper where cancellation, retry, timeout, and cleanup have to be wired separately. It's a runtime contract:

• At most 8 inflight at any instant. The cap is a hard property test, not a hint.
• Each item retries up to 3 times, exponential backoff with jitter, signal-aware sleep.
• Any item exceeding 5 seconds cancels its own operation with TimeoutError.
• First uncaught failure cancels the queued and the in-flight, by default. Switch policy on a single line and the return type changes so you can't ignore failures:

const out = await work(items).inParallel(8).onError("collect").do(fn);
//    ^^^ WorkOutput<R> -- discriminated union: "fail" | "continue" | "collect"
if (out.mode === "collect") {
  for (const r of out.results) if (r.status === "rejected") log(r.reason);
}

• Every body receives a ctx.signal linked to the scope, so the fetch, the database query, or the LLM call actually aborts at the I/O boundary.
• Progress events flow to your logger, metrics, or UI through ctx.report(...) -- zero allocation when nobody listens.

That is the surface. Five chained methods. No new vocabulary. Now stack it.

run.race: same shape, different contract

import { run } from "@workit/core";

const winner = await run.race([callOpenAI, callAnthropic, callGemini]);

Same six tokens you wrote with Promise.race. Different runtime contract:

• Each body receives a ctx.signal linked to the race.
• First settlement cancels the rest at the AbortSignal boundary, before TCP completes.
• Each loser sees CancelReason { kind: "race_lost", winnerId } -- typed, exhaustively narrowed, not a string.
• Each loser's ctx.defer(...) cleanup runs LIFO before run.race resolves.
• await run.race(...) returns only after losers have finished cleaning up.

That is the first ownership boundary. Now stack it again.

Cancel a 200-tool agent on client disconnect

import { run } from "@workit/core";

await run.scope(async (scope) => {
  request.signal.addEventListener("abort", () =>
    scope.cancel({ kind: "manual", tag: "client_disconnect" }));

  for (const step of plan.steps) {
    scope.spawn(async (ctx) => callTool(step, ctx.signal),
      { name: step.name, kind: "tool" });
  }
  scope.spawn.background(async () => auditLog(plan));
}, { deadline: "30s" });

Every in-flight tool aborts. Every ctx.defer runs LIFO. The audit task flushes. The reason -- { kind: "manual", tag: "client_disconnect" } -- carries down the tree so your dashboard distinguishes a stop from a deadline from a budget overrun.

A socket close cancels an STT stream and closes the microphone

import { transcribeStream } from "@workit/core/ai";

for await (const text of transcribeStream(microphone, {
  async transcribe(chunk, ctx) {
    return provider.transcribe(chunk, { signal: ctx.signal });
  },
}, { signal: socket.signal })) {
  socket.send(text);
}

Socket disconnects. ctx.signal aborts. The provider's HTTP request aborts. The async generator's finally runs and closes the microphone. The sample asserts that the source closes and no provider call remains active after disconnect.

100,000 documents under a hard token cap

import { group, run } from "@workit/core";
import { OpenAITokens, embedAll } from "@workit/core/ai";

await run.context.with(
  OpenAITokens, { spent: 0, limit: 1_000_000, unit: "tokens" },
  () => group(() => embedAll(documents, { concurrency: 32 })),
);

Bounded concurrency. Per-item retry. Token budget enforced atomically across all 32 inflight workers. Blow the cap mid-pipeline and the scope cancels with CancelReason { kind: "budget", limit, spent }. Partial results stay. The rest abort.

No Orphans Means No Unowned Background Work

A background child is still scoped. The parent operation does not finish while owned background work keeps running. The receipt is one of the smallest samples in the repo:

// samples/no-orphan.sample.js
const result = await group(async (task) => {
  task.background(async (ctx) => {
    await sleep(20, ctx.signal);
    backgroundCompleted = true;
  });
  return "body-returned";
});

// Asserted by the sample:
//   result === "body-returned"
//   backgroundCompleted === true
//   elapsedMs >= 15

The body returns its value at t=0. The owned background task takes 20 ms. The await group(...) does not resolve until both finish. If you want to escape the scope, you call run.detached(...) and accept the orphan trade-off explicitly. There is no third option.

npm run sample:no-orphan

Why not just use X

The right tool depends on what part of the lifecycle you actually own.

If your problem is "process this array with N concurrency" and nothing else ever fails, p-limit is fine. If your problem is "this list is part of a request that can time out, the user can disconnect, and one bad item must cancel the rest with cleanup", you want a runtime contract. Effection and Effect-TS provide one -- through generators and a fiber DSL respectively. WorkIt provides one without leaving async / await.

Receipts

The release-readiness claim above is a CI gate, not a tagline. Each row maps to a command in npm run verify.

The series

1. You are here -- Promise.race does not own the losing work. The fluent surface and why ownership matters.
2. Nine composables. One ownership contract.
3. AbortController cannot preempt a CPU loop. WorkIt uses a worker boundary.
4. A 1,000,000,000-row pipeline. 25 consumed. The producer noticed.
5. A 0.50 USD agent. A connection that closes on ctrl-C. A receipt the user never sees.
6. 100K agent runs a day. Bounded observability cost without core bloat.
7. An agent loop in 12 lines. A typed tool contract. A 50-cent ceiling.

Try it

npm install @workit/core

The API is stable. The tests pass. The bundle is tiny.

Next: run.all, run.race, run.any, run.pool, run.series side-by-side with Promise.all, Promise.race, Promise.any, p-limit, and p-map. We measure which contracts still hold when one sibling throws mid-flight.

Source, Benchmarks, And Evidence

• Source: https://github.com/WorkRuntime/workit
• Article source: https://github.com/WorkRuntime/workit/blob/main/articles/01-owned-async-work.md
• Reproduce: npm run bench:articles and npm run test:evidence