▶ Prefer to play with it? There's an interactive version of this article
where you can break things yourself: https://resumable-ml-training.vercel.app

I train a lot of models on compute that can disappear at any second — free notebooks, pre-emptible instances, whatever I can get. Early on, a single disconnect could wipe out hours of work. So I built a pattern that makes a dropped session cost seconds instead. This is that pattern, written up generically so you can drop it into any training loop.

The 2 a.m. disconnect

If you have ever trained a model on a free GPU, you know the feeling. You kick off a long run, check back later, and the session is gone. The notebook is disconnected, the runtime recycled, and every epoch since the last time you looked has evaporated. You start again from zero.

Free and pre-emptible compute is one of the best deals in machine learning — but it is ephemeral. The machine can vanish at any moment: idle timeouts, usage caps, spot-instance reclamation. Fighting this with keep-alive hacks treats the symptom. The real fix is to make your training resumable and your pipeline idempotent, so an interruption simply doesn't matter.

Here is the pattern I now use for every long run. It rests on five ideas.

1. Checkpoint the whole state — not just the weights

The most common mistake is saving only model.state_dict(). That is not enough to resume training. If you reload only the weights and start a fresh optimizer, you lose:

• the optimizer state (Adam's moment estimates — momentum and variance),
• the learning-rate scheduler position (so the LR jumps back to its starting value),
• the epoch counter (so you re-run epochs you already finished),
• the best-so-far tracking and early-stopping counter,
• the RNG state (so the run is no longer reproducible across the break).

A resumable checkpoint captures all of it:

def make_checkpoint(epoch, model, optimizer, scheduler, best, rng):
    return {
        "epochs_done": epoch + 1,
        "model":       model.state_dict(),
        "optimizer":   optimizer.state_dict(),
        "scheduler":   scheduler.state_dict(),
        "best_metric": best,
        "rng": {
            "torch":  torch.get_rng_state(),
            "cuda":   torch.cuda.get_rng_state_all() if torch.cuda.is_available() else None,
            "numpy":  np.random.get_state(),
            "python": random.getstate(),
        },
    }

Save this every epoch. The cost is milliseconds; the payoff is never losing more than one epoch of work.

2. Write atomically — or risk a corrupted checkpoint

Here is a subtle trap: if the machine dies while you are writing the checkpoint, you get a half-written, unreadable file — and now you have lost everything, including the good checkpoint you just overwrote.

The fix is the write-temp-then-rename trick. A rename on the same filesystem is atomic: the checkpoint file is either the complete old version or the complete new version, never a torn mix.

import os

def save_atomic(path, state):
    tmp = path + ".tmp"
    torch.save(state, tmp)
    os.replace(tmp, path)   # atomic on the same filesystem

This one helper has saved me more than once.

3. A "done marker" makes the entire job idempotent

Resuming one run is good. Resuming a sweep of many runs is better. If you train across several configurations, seeds, or datasets, you want to re-launch the whole batch and have it automatically skip everything already finished and resume only the one that was interrupted.

The trick is a done marker: write the final results file (metrics, summary) only when a run fully completes. Then the launcher logic is trivial:

def run_one(run_dir, cfg):
    if (run_dir / "results.json").exists():           # done marker
        print(f"[skip] already complete: {run_dir.name}")
        return load(run_dir / "results.json")
    # ... train (resuming from checkpoint if present) ...
    save_atomic(run_dir / "results.json", results)    # write marker LAST
    (run_dir / "checkpoint.pt").unlink(missing_ok=True)  # done -> drop checkpoint

Now your orchestration loop is fully restartable:

for seed in SEEDS:
    for config in CONFIGS:
        run_one(run_dir_for(seed, config), config)

Re-run it after any disconnect. Finished work is skipped, interrupted work resumes, nothing is ever duplicated. This is the same principle build tools like make use: declare the output, and only do the work if the output is missing.

4. Put the state where it outlives the machine

A checkpoint is only useful if it survives the thing that died. The number-one mistake on ephemeral compute is writing checkpoints to the node's local scratch disk — which is wiped the instant the runtime is recycled. Your checkpoints must live on storage that is external to the compute.

You have two families of options.

Cloud / network storage (best for ephemeral cloud GPUs):

• A mounted cloud drive (Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive, iCloud Drive).
• An object-store bucket (S3, GCS, R2, Azure Blob) you sync to after each epoch.
• A network filesystem (NFS/SMB) on a persistent volume.

Local / self-hosted storage (best when you own the machine, or for hybrid setups):

• An external SSD/HDD, or a second internal disk that is not part of the ephemeral root.
• A home server or NAS the training box can reach over the LAN.
• Your laptop: periodically rsync/scp the checkpoint directory back from a remote box, so a copy always exists on hardware you control.

A clean trick that works in both worlds: keep your code on the fast local disk but symlink the checkpoint/output directory to persistent storage. You get local-disk speed for reads and durable state for writes.

# code stays on fast local disk; outputs live on durable storage
ln -s /mnt/persistent/my_project/outputs  ./outputs

The principle is storage-agnostic: the checkpoint must outlive the compute node. Cloud bucket, mounted drive, NAS, or an external SSD on your desk — any of them works, as long as it is not the disk that gets wiped.

5. Resume means continue, not restart

With state saved durably, the training loop just checks for a checkpoint on startup and continues:

start_epoch = 0
if checkpoint_path.exists():
    ck = torch.load(checkpoint_path, map_location=device, weights_only=False)
    model.load_state_dict(ck["model"])
    optimizer.load_state_dict(ck["optimizer"])
    scheduler.load_state_dict(ck["scheduler"])
    best_metric = ck["best_metric"]
    start_epoch = ck["epochs_done"]
    restore_rng(ck["rng"])
    print(f"[resume] continuing from epoch {start_epoch + 1}")

for epoch in range(start_epoch, num_epochs):   # note: start_epoch, not 0
    train_one_epoch(...)
    save_atomic(checkpoint_path, make_checkpoint(epoch, ...))

A good smoke test: start a run, kill it mid-training, restart it, and confirm the log shows [resume] continuing from epoch N — with the learning rate picking up smoothly where it left off, not jumping back to its initial value. If the LR is continuous, your optimizer and scheduler state survived correctly.

Gotchas I hit (so you don't have to)

• The weights_only pickle trap. Recent PyTorch (2.6+) defaults torch.load(..., weights_only=True), which refuses to load checkpoints containing non-tensor objects — like the NumPy/Python RNG state above. For your own trusted checkpoint files, pass weights_only=False. (Never do this for files from untrusted sources — it runs arbitrary pickle code.)
• Append your logs, don't truncate. On resume, open the log file in append mode so you keep the full history across restarts instead of overwriting it.
• Mind early-stopping state. If you track "epochs since last improvement," checkpoint that counter too — otherwise a resume silently resets your patience.
• Setup cells will re-run, and that's fine. When a runtime is recycled, the interpreter's memory is gone — you cannot avoid re-importing libraries or re-mounting storage. Make those steps cheap and idempotent (mount only if not mounted; install only if missing; cache any preprocessed data to durable storage). The goal is not to skip setup; it is to make the expensive work resumable.

The payoff

Once this is in place, the disconnect stops being a disaster and becomes a shrug. You reconnect, re-run the cheap setup, hit "go," and watch it print [resume] continuing from epoch …. No lost epochs. No duplicate runs. No keep-alive browser hacks.

A quick checklist to make any training job bulletproof:

• [ ] Checkpoint model + optimizer + scheduler + epoch + RNG, every epoch
• [ ] Write checkpoints atomically (temp file → rename)
• [ ] Write a done marker only on full completion; skip finished runs
• [ ] Store state on something that outlives the compute node (cloud or local)
• [ ] On startup, resume from the saved epoch, not from zero
• [ ] Test it: interrupt, restart, confirm a clean resume

Ephemeral compute is one of the best deals in machine learning. With a resumable, idempotent pipeline, you get all of its upside and almost none of its fragility.

Found this useful?

I write about the unglamorous engineering that makes ML actually ship.

• 🔗 Interactive walkthrough — https://resumable-ml-training.vercel.app
• 💻 Runnable code (MIT) — https://github.com/TanayMjoshi/Bulletproof-training-on-ephemeral-GPUs
• 💼 LinkedIn — https://www.linkedin.com/in/tanay-joshi-2a3bba1ab/
• 🐦 X / Twitter — https://x.com/MysteryMan60934

If this saved you a training run, a ⭐ on the repo or a follow means a lot.