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RAG 시스템 실전 구축 (v39)
matias yoon · 2026-05-26 · via DEV Community

RAG 시스템 실전 구축 (v39)

실제 생산 환경에서 RAG 시스템을 구축하고 운영하는 실전 가이드

1. RAG 기본 개념: 검색 → 보완 → 생성 루프

RAG(Retrieval-Augmented Generation)는 검색 기반의 정보를 활용하여 LLM이 더 정확한 응답을 생성하는 아키텍처입니다.

사용자 질문 → 검색 엔진 → 관련 문서 → LLM 보완 → 생성된 응답

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기본적인 RAG 루프 구조는 다음과 같습니다:

class BasicRAGPipeline:
    def __init__(self, embedding_model, vector_db):
        self.embedding_model = embedding_model
        self.vector_db = vector_db

    def retrieve(self, query, k=5):
        query_embedding = self.embedding_model.encode([query])[0]
        return self.vector_db.search(query_embedding, k=k)

    def generate(self, query, context):
        prompt = f"질문: {query}\n문맥: {context}\n답변:"
        return self.llm.generate(prompt)

    def process(self, query):
        context = self.retrieve(query)
        return self.generate(query, context)

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2. 청킹 전략: 의미, 재귀, 에이전트 기반

청킹 전략은 문서를 적절한 크기로 분할하여 임베딩 및 검색에 최적화합니다:

import tiktoken
from typing import List

class ChunkingStrategies:

    @staticmethod
    def semantic_chunking(documents: List[str], chunk_size: int = 500) -> List[str]:
        """의미 기반 청킹"""
        # 문서 내에서 의미 단위를 기준으로 청킹
        chunks = []
        for doc in documents:
            sentences = doc.split('. ')
            current_chunk = ""

            for sentence in sentences:
                if len(current_chunk) + len(sentence) < chunk_size:
                    current_chunk += sentence + ". "
                else:
                    if current_chunk:
                        chunks.append(current_chunk.strip())
                    current_chunk = sentence + ". "

            if current_chunk:
                chunks.append(current_chunk.strip())
        return chunks

    @staticmethod
    def recursive_chunking(documents: List[str], chunk_size: int = 500) -> List[str]:
        """재귀적 청킹 - 토큰 기준"""
        tokenizer = tiktoken.get_encoding("cl100k_base")
        chunks = []

        for doc in documents:
            tokens = tokenizer.encode(doc)
            for i in range(0, len(tokens), chunk_size):
                chunk_tokens = tokens[i:i+chunk_size]
                chunk_text = tokenizer.decode(chunk_tokens)
                chunks.append(chunk_text)
        return chunks

# 사용 예시
strategies = ChunkingStrategies()
docs = ["문서 내용..."]
semantic_chunks = strategies.semantic_chunking(docs)
recursive_chunks = strategies.recursive_chunking(docs)

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3. 임베딩 모델 선택과 비교

임베딩 품질은 RAG 성능에 직접적인 영향을 미칩니다:

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
import numpy as np

class EmbeddingModelComparison:
    def __init__(self):
        self.models = {
            'all-MiniLM-L6-v2': SentenceTransformer('all-MiniLM-L6-v2'),
            'paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-v2': SentenceTransformer('paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-v2'),
            'gte-small': SentenceTransformer('sentence-transformers/gte-small')
        }

    def compare_embeddings(self, texts: List[str], model_name: str) -> np.ndarray:
        model = self.models[model_name]
        return model.encode(texts)

    def benchmark_models(self, test_queries: List[str], test_docs: List[str]) -> dict:
        results = {}
        for name, model in self.models.items():
            # 성능 측정
            embeddings = model.encode(test_queries + test_docs)
            results[name] = {
                'embedding_time': len(embeddings),  # 실제 시간 측정 필요
                'dimension': embeddings.shape[1]
            }
        return results

# 비교 실행
comparator = EmbeddingModelComparison()
benchmark_results = comparator.benchmark_models(["쿼리1", "쿼리2"], ["문서1", "문서2"])

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4. 벡터 데이터베이스 비교: Chroma vs Qdrant vs pgvector vs Milvus

특성 Chroma Qdrant pgvector Milvus
설치 간편성 ★★★★★ ★★★★☆ ★★★★☆ ★★★☆☆
성능 ★★★★☆ ★★★★★ ★★★★☆ ★★★★★
비용 ★★★★☆ ★★★★☆ ★★★★★ ★★★★☆
확장성 ★★★☆☆ ★★★★☆ ★★★★☆ ★★★★★
# Chroma 벡터 DB 구현
from chromadb import Client
from chromadb.config import Settings

class ChromaVectorDB:
    def __init__(self, collection_name="rag_collection"):
        self.client = Client(Settings(chroma_db_impl="duckdb", persist_directory="./chroma_db"))
        self.collection = self.client.get_or_create_collection(collection_name)

    def add_documents(self, documents: List[str], embeddings: List[List[float]]):
        ids = [str(i) for i in range(len(documents))]
        self.collection.add(
            ids=ids,
            embeddings=embeddings,
            documents=documents
        )

    def search(self, query_embedding: List[float], k: int = 5):
        results = self.collection.query(
            query_embeddings=[query_embedding],
            n_results=k
        )
        return results['documents'][0]

# Qdrant 구현
from qdrant_client import QdrantClient
from qdrant_client.models import Filter, FieldCondition, MatchValue

class QdrantVectorDB:
    def __init__(self, host="localhost", port=6333):
        self.client = QdrantClient(host=host, port=port)
        self.collection_name = "rag_collection"

    def create_collection(self, vector_size: int):
        self.client.recreate_collection(
            collection_name=self.collection_name,
            vectors_config={"size": vector_size, "distance": "Cosine"}
        )

    def search(self, query_embedding: List[float], k: int = 5):
        results = self.client.search(
            collection_name=self.collection_name,
            query_vector=query_embedding,
            limit=k
        )
        return [hit.payload['text'] for hit in results]

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5. 전체 RAG 파이프라인 코드


python
import numpy as np
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
from chromadb import Client
from chromadb.config import Settings

class RAGPipeline:
    def __init__(self, model_name: str = "all-MiniLM-L6-v2"):
        # 1. 임베딩 모델 초기화
        self.embedding_model = SentenceTransformer(model_name)

        # 2. 벡터 DB 초기화
        self.client = Client(Settings(chroma_db_impl="duckdb", persist_directory="./rag_db"))
        self.collection = self.client.get_or_create_collection("documents")

        # 3. LLM 초기화 (예시: HuggingFace)
        from transformers import pipeline
        self.llm = pipeline("text-generation", 
                           model="gpt2", 
                           max_length=200)

    def add_documents(self, documents: List[str]):
        """문서 추가"""
        embeddings = self.embedding_model.encode(documents)
        ids = [str(i) for i in range(len(documents))]

        self.collection.add(
            ids=ids,
            embeddings=embeddings.tolist(),
            documents=documents
        )
        return f"Added {len(documents)} documents"

    def retrieve(self, query: str, k: int = 5) -> List[str]:
        """문서 검색"""
        query_embedding = self.embedding_model.encode([query])[0]
        results = self.collection.query(
            query_embeddings=[query_embedding],
            n_results=k
        )
        return results['documents'][0]

    def generate_response(self, query: str, context: List[str]) -> str:
        """응답 생성"""
        context_text = "\n".join(context)
        prompt = f"""
질문: {query}
문맥: {context_text}
답변:"""

        response = self.llm(prompt, return_full_text=False)[0]['generated_text']
        return response.strip()

    def process_query(self, query: str) -> str:
        """전체 파이프라인 실행"""
        context = self.retrieve(query)
        return self.generate_response(query, context)

# 사용 예시
pipeline = RAGPipeline()
documents = [
    "Python은 고급 프로그래밍 언어입니다. 객체 지향 프로그래밍을 지원합니다.",
    "JavaScript는 웹 브라우저에서 실행되는 스크립트 언어입니다.",
    "Machine Learning은 데이터를 기반으로 학습하는 알고리즘입니다."
]

pipeline.add_documents(doc

---

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