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神经心理学:脑损伤揭示心灵之奥秘
Aditya · 2026-05-24 · via DEV Community
Cover image for Neuropsychology: What Brain Damage Reveals About the Mind

Aditya

引言

brain

神经心理学教我等,知脑为分域之构——各异之域司各异之能。由察诸域受损之时,吾辈得识心之运作,较之心理学他法,尤为精深.

要旨

  • 功能之定位:脑之特定区域,各司其能(如言谈、记忆、运动之控等)
  • 损伤之研究:若脑域受损,可察其失能,以推其常能
  • 分离之象:人失一能而余能未损,证其功能各别
  • 双离析:二人因脑部损伤而失异能,证别系之别

脑损所教吾辈

菲尼斯·盖奇之例(1848)

一铁路工之捣固锤刺其额叶。前此:有责,有礼。后此:性急,好斗,决断劣。此示额叶主性情与决断,非独司动也.

H.M.——无新忆之人

H.M. 割其海马体以疗痫疾之甚。虽能忆往昔,然不能成新之长时记忆。其训:海马体之要也。编码新忆之成,非旧忆之忆。

布罗卡区与韦尼克区

  • 布罗卡失语症(额叶损伤): 人多困顿生之言辞虽缓,意蕴难明。其语迟重,力竭而语,"the"与"and"常缺。
  • 韦尼克失语症(颞叶损伤): 人言流畅然,然不能也。通晓言辞常发无稽之语。

此分合之理,证言语之生成与理解,乃别为神机也。

分脑之研

当胼胝体(连接左右半球者)被断绝,则两半各自运作。左半球主司言语,右半球掌管空间意识。此现象显明,脑非一统之系统,实乃诸专门模块之集合也。

要义

  1. 脑有分部: 函數各歸其域。損其一域,則其函數受損,而他域無礙。

  2. 吾辈于失中求知神经心理学者辨其损以明其常。此理非独系于神经之学,实乃究极诸系统之根本也。

  3. 离析之事,亦关紧要。二人或因脑伤各异,所失亦不同。此证脑非以一"统御之系"应万务。

  4. 记忆非一事也海默(H.M.)教吾等,记忆之系有数(短期、长期、程序性),各恃脑之异构。

  5. 语言有模块布罗卡区与韦尼克区示人,即语言之内,脑亦分产出与理解。

终章注

現代神經科學,用fMRI與PET掃描以證此見,然其理,源於細察腦損。神經心理學告吾輩:欲知其作,時見其敗,乃為至道。

免责声明

此文系列本于麻省理工学院心理学导论课程讲义。此中所载,乃吾经听讲之后,对诸题之个人理解与阐释也。

是文乃为学育之用而作。吾未尝自诩为原课材之主,其理法教化之勋,皆归于师者与MIT OpenCourseWare。

bye