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学习笔记 归档 | Jack's Space

九天教会小猫咪“说话” — 我家咪咪的求学之旅 Early tagging of cortical networks is required for the formation of enduring associative memory. Spontaneous changes of neocortical code for associative memory during consolidation. Hypothalamic modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice confers activity-dependent regulation of memory and anxiety-like behavior. Hippocampal-amygdala memory circuits govern experience-dependent observational fear Ripple-selective GABAergic projection cells in the hippocampus. Glutamatergic synapses from the insular cortex to the basolateral amygdala encode observational pain. Distinct signals in medial and lateral VTA dopamine neurons modulate fear extinction at different times.
Amount of fear extinction changes its underlying mechanisms.
阿杰 Jack · 2022-04-29 · via 学习笔记 归档 | Jack's Space

通讯作者

Sukwoo Choi

Introduction

  • Fear extinction的两种理论
    • inhibition mechanism
      • 消退训练产生了一段新的记忆抑制了之前的恐惧记忆。
      • prefrontal cortex (PFC), the basolateral amygdala, the LA, and intercalated neurons (ITC) of the amygdala
    • erasure mechanism
      • 一段恐惧记忆被擦除了
  • BA一部分的神经元与IL有相互的投射关系
    • 其中在extinction被激活的神经元被称为extinction neuron
    • 另一部分与fear相关的被称为fear neuron

Results

验证Inhibitory mechanism
  • IL中记录了72个神经元,并根据一 个extinction session后freezing水平分为成功消退组和非成功消退组
    • 发现在只有成功消退组的神经元,在第一次extinction session后有高的活动,随着extinction session组增多,高兴奋性消失
  • BA作为IL的下游,在其中记录了130个神经元,并将其分为了两类,一类为 fear neuron ,一类为extinction neuron
    • fear neuron对training 后的CS有反应,但在extinction后没有反应
    • extinction neuron只在第一次extinction session后有高的活动,动,随着extinction session组增多,高兴奋性消失
  • 在BA做刺激,记录ITC神经元的PPC和AMPAR/NMDAR EPSC ratio
    • (作者推测是BA的extinction neuron作用于ITC)
    • 发现,在第一次extinction session后,BA-ITC之间的突触连接加强,随着extinction session组增多,这种现象消失
  • LA中IN-PN的作用关系
    • 以前的研究表明,当fear condition时LA的interneurons和principal neuron之间的突触连接强度减弱,fear extinction则使连接增强
      • 作者记录了miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs),发现在fear condition后mIPSCs幅度减弱,第一个extinction session后mIPSCs幅度增强,随extinction session组增多幅度恢复到naive水平
    • GABA-A receptors与mIPSCs相关
      • 作者测量了GABA-A receptors的两个子单元(β2和γ2)的变化,发现仅仅在只做了一次extinction后增多
验证erasure mechanism
  • fear conditioning 诱发了LA的突触增强,而extinction则消除了这突触增强
    • 作者刺激了下丘脑到LA的传入,在LA记录诱发的EPSC的幅度,通过 input-output曲线的斜率来衡量T-LA的突触效力
      • 发现,fear condition后突触效力增强,而随着extinction的进行,效力逐渐降低
      • 说明,去增强由fear condition诱发的突触增强效果在extinction的进心中持续存在
特异性损毁ITC神经元

作者使用 D-Sap(μ-opioid receptor (μOR) agonist conjugated toxin,受体激动共轭毒素,由于μOR大量表达在ITC神经元上,因此可以特异性消除ITC神经元)在第一次extinction session后或者在多次extinction session消除ITC神经元

  • 发现只有在第一次extinction session注射D-Sap会削弱extinction的效果,多次extinction session没有影响

参考文献

An, Bobae, et al. “Amount of fear extinction changes its underlying mechanisms.” Elife 6 (2017): e25224.