BOGOTA, Colombia (AP) — Deeply divided Colombians voted for their next president in a runoff Sunday that pitted a progressive against a conservative outsider, both of whom tapped into fears of a renewed internal conflict.
The options before voters were business owner and lawyer Abelardo de la Espriella and Iván Cepeda, a lawmaker and heir to the political movement of outgoing President Gustavo Petro, the nation's first leftist leader. The two defeated nine other contenders in a May 31 vote.
Both pitched strategies that they said will prevent the South American country from experiencing the nonstop merciless violence, such as car bombs, kidnappings, disappearances and forced displacements, that Colombians lived with in previous decades.
De la Espriella proposed a heavy-handed approach that earned him the endorsement of U.S. President Donald Trump. Cepeda promised to continue Petro's efforts, including attempts at establishing dialogue with multiple illegal armed groups even though those efforts have largely failed.
"We have had an armed conflict and a drug trafficking problem for too long, and this has greatly polarized the country," retired economist Víctor Duque, 72, said while wearing a national soccer team jersey at a voting center in the capital, Bogota. "I believe it is one of the most important elections that has taken place in Colombia this century."
Colombian flags, waved from cars, and soccer jerseys dotted polling stations and surrounding affluent neighborhoods of Bogotá. The jersey, popular due to the World Cup, has been used as a campaign symbol by de la Espriella and defended in court after Cepeda criticized its use.
President again sows doubts in the results
In the first round, Cepeda earned 41% of the vote, while de la Espriella garnered 44%, according to official results. Petro, without evidence, sowed doubts in the results after Cepeda, who had consistently lead polls ahead of the May vote, did not win outright and even finished behind de la Espriella.
Petro reiterated his allegations on Sunday.
"We must protect the vote, undoubtedly," he said shortly before polls opened.
His movement will provide details about "all the accounts and funds that were transacted from abroad," Petro added. Actors, whom he did not identify, "tried to enslave the people of Colombia by taking away their freedom to decide."
More than 41 million people were eligible to vote. Polls closed at 4 p.m.
Yolanda Hernández, 49, voted early Sunday before she started selling black-ink pens outside a Bogota voting center. Clients, she said, buy the pens because ink cannot be erased from paper ballots, which reduces the possibility of fraud.
READ MORE: Polls close in Colombia vote with Espriella and Cepeda advancing to runoff
Hernández, who recycles trash for a living, voted for Petro in 2022, but cast her ballot for de la Espriella this time. While she acknowledged that Petro was unable to deliver on promises meant to help the poor because of congressional gridlock, she said Colombia cannot afford another four years under his vision for the country.
"We want change in Colombia because it's always the same violence, always the same thing," Hernández said. "(Petro) said he was going to lower the cost of services, that he was going to lower the price of food, and everything is more expensive."
Fighting between rebel groups plagues the nation
The election comes 10 years after Colombia signed a historic peace pact with guerrillas of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC, that had offered hope to break the nation's vicious cycle of fighting between rebel groups and the government.
But violence has since roared back, particularly as most rebel groups abandoned their ideologically driven fight for the financial benefits of drug trafficking.
Last year, authorities recorded 14,780 homicides, the most since at least 2015 and driven by clashes among illegal armed groups. Among those killed was conservative presidential hopeful Miguel Uribe. Extortions have also soared, reaching 13,417 cases in 2025, more than double the number tallied in 2015.
READ MORE: Colombian presidential candidate de la Espriella thanks Trump for endorsing his campaign
De la Espriella, a political newcomer nicknamed "The Tiger," promised to fiercely go after criminals and build 10 mega-prisons, emulating the policies of El Salvador's President Nayib Bukele that have lowered homicide rates but have fueled accusations of human rights abuses.
Cepeda said he will carry on Petro's fraught signature plan to achieve "total peace" by negotiating pacts with guerrillas and criminal gangs. The heavily criticized strategy that Petro kicked off in 2022 took until Thursday to see the first armed group — one with about 100 members — give up its weapons and begin a resettlement process that will lead to their reintegration into civilian life. Colombia's illegal groups have more than 27,000 members.
Fernando Lozano, 34, decided to vote for the first time in a decade because of the vastly different proposals between Cepeda and de la Espriella, particularly the latter's intentions to face off with armed groups.
"Anyone would think it's not a bad thing to be able to end all this once and for all. But it's not as easy as it seems," Lozano said, adding that the combative approach already failed before and could only lead to more violence if tried again. "You can't just go there and confront them and expect everything to be resolved in six months. That takes years."
The lead-up to the runoff saw an increase in verbal attacks between the candidates as well as accusations of fraud, vote-buying and intimidation.
Cepeda filed a complaint with the Colombian Attorney General's Office and the International Criminal Court against de la Espriella, accusing him of having ties to paramilitary groups. De la Espriella has denied the accusation.