Since 2008, the number of countries engaged in external conflicts has nearly doubled to just over 100, while the economic impact of violence now stands at almost $22 trillion, according to the Institute for Economics and Peace. That’s equivalent to more than 10% of the world’s gross domestic product.

Wars are upending the finance industry’s ability to predict everything from the price of oil to the cost of a mortgage, and Wall Street has had to acknowledge that some long-standing risk models may no longer be fit for purpose. Citigroup Inc. warns against relying on “rear-view mirror” models built on historical data, while Morgan Stanley says it’s time to “rethink” the status quo of geopolitical risks more broadly.

“Instead of looking back, insurers and investors increasingly want to know what might happen and where,” Sam Haynes, head of data and analytics at Verisk Maplecroft, a global risk consultancy, said in an interview. “They want a predictive forward-looking view.”

Verisk, which is best known for its work on natural catastrophe models for insurers and cat-bonds investors, has just unveiled a model it says would have helped financial professionals predict the Iran war.

The firm’s Predictive War Index, released to clients in late May, uses a machine learning algorithm to forecast the likelihood of war occurring in a country over the next 12 months. It was trained on political, economic, and social datasets from 1995-2022 and therefore doesn’t take the current Iran war into account. Even so, back-testing showed that had the model been ready in early January, it would have shown a 66% probability of war breaking out in Iran 1 1/2 months later, according to Verisk. 

The firm’s other new model, the Geopolitical Relations Index, tracks the changing level of tension between pairs of countries. It looks at parameters such as whether they’ve had military clashes in the past, how similar their styles of government are, or whether they’re geographically close enough to project power. 

A separate Verisk model, launched in October 2023, has in the period since then correctly predicted six out of seven government collapses, including the ouster of Bashar al-Assad in Syria in 2024, and the sudden removal of Venezuela’s Nicolas Maduro in January.

In the case of Maduro’s removal, “there were economic issues combined with a past history of political instability that increased the risk,” said Chris Boylan, a data science expert at Verisk Maplecroft.

Rand Corporation has an artificial-intelligence model that turns complex and uncertain questions — such as regime change — into concrete probability estimates. The model draws in part on the aggregated opinions of people who aren’t subject-matter experts to forecast a future scenario. When the model was run in mid-May, it showed a 20% likelihood that Iran’s regime won’t survive into 2027.

“The results are designed not just to describe what might happen, but to show policymakers how specific actions — sanctions pressure, diplomatic engagement, or support for civil society — would shift those probabilities in practice,” said Anthony Vassalo, director of the RAND Forecasting Initiative.

Traditional models often stop working in the current climate because an event like a trade blockade or the imposition of economic sanctions “doesn’t behave like a standard-deviation move in a normal distribution,” said Krishan Sharma, senior vice president – model risk management at Citi. “It changes the distribution entirely.”

The shipping disruption in the Strait of Hormuz has brought fresh attention to the extreme vulnerability of similar transport chokepoints around the world, requiring new risk algorithms for marine insurance and global trade. Shortly after the Iran war started on Feb. 28, Lloyds of London was quoting premiums for marine war risk in the Strait of Hormuz as high as 1% of a vessel’s value per voyage, compared with just a fraction of a percent before the conflict, according to Moody’s.

On Sunday, Iran pushed back on US President Donald Trump’s assertion the warring countries were about to sign an interim peace deal to reopen the Strait of Hormuz.

Read More: Trump Eyes Sunday Iran Deal But Tehran Says Still Reviewing Text

Modeling experts are now looking at conflict scenarios as they would a terrorist attack, “where relatively low‑cost acts can generate disproportionate economic losses,” said Gordon Woo, a catastrophe risk specialist at Moody’s. With the new models, insurers can better assess how disruptions might unfold across shipping routes and supply chains rather than focusing solely on physical damage to individual assets, Woo said.

Tina Fordham, co-founder of Fordham Global Foresight and Citigroup’s former chief global political analyst, warns that geopolitical volatility hasn’t just been normalized, it’s accelerating. 

The events unfolding “are consistent with our supercycle geopolitics thesis, where increased risk drivers are breaking through global guardrails and causing a higher number of geopolitical shocks,” she said on her website. “2025 saw the acceleration of the supercycle and it marked a wake-up call for the C-suite.”

Aside from drawing on years of experience modeling natural catastrophes, risk experts are also tapping into methodologies used to help predict other threats such as strikes, riots and civil commotion.

The newer risk models will allow insurers “to integrate a predictive view of war into their underwriting and exposure management workflows,” Verisk said.

Such tools are becoming essential for financial professionals trying to operate in “a fragmented, multipolar world,” as the old world that was shaped by “globalization-driven efficiency” fades out of view, the Morgan Stanley Institute said in an April report.

War has now overtaken civil unrest as the source of political violence most feared by companies trying to buy insurance, according to a risk assessment published in May by Allianz.

“War is a rising fear for businesses around the world,” it said.