Improving waste management in low- and middle-income countries could cut global pollution by 98%.
Of every 5 kilograms of plastic waste produced globally, 1 kilogram ends up polluting the environment.
This has serious consequences for people and other animals alike. It pollutes waterways, harms wildlife, and burning plastic generates toxic air that millions breathe.
But this terrible pollution is not inevitable.
In countries with good waste management systems, far less plastic pollutes the environment. Across high-income countries, plastic pollution per person is 100 times lower than in lower-income countries.
If every country managed its waste in this way, the world would cut plastic pollution by more than 98%.1
Why is this gap so large?
In the chart below, you see two key metrics: how much plastic waste is generated and how much plastic pollution is produced per person. These estimates are taken from research by Joshua Cottom and colleagues.2
Clearly, people in high-income countries don’t produce 100 times less pollution than those in lower-income countries because they use less plastic. Per person, they use much more.
The huge difference in pollution rates is a consequence of how waste is managed. In high-income countries, most waste is collected and sent to controlled landfills or to facilities that incinerate or recycle it.
In many low- and middle-income countries, people find themselves in a very different situation: less than half of solid household waste is collected. People often have little choice but to burn or dump it. But even the waste that is collected is often left in open dumps, where it’s at risk of leaking into the environment.
Most pollution, then, comes from uncollected waste and poorly managed disposal sites. You can see this in the chart.3
What, then, is causing plastic pollution in rich countries? Roughly half comes from littering: people thoughtlessly chucking their plastic bottles, wrappers, and bags. If we built a world where people don’t do this, we could increase that 98% reduction to 99%.
What does this mean for our options to tackle plastic pollution?
Cutting plastic use in rich countries has very little impact on global plastic pollution: the world’s high-income countries generate less than 0.5% of the total.
Reducing use in low- and middle-income countries could certainly help. But even large reductions wouldn’t get close to eliminating pollution. If one in every five kilograms of plastic waste in these countries ends up as pollution, even halving plastic waste would still leave tens of millions of tonnes leaking into the environment each year.4
If every country managed its waste the way high-income countries do, the world would cut plastic pollution by over 98%.
Improving waste management systems in low- and middle-income countries is therefore crucial. Getting there does not require fancy solutions. It needs investment in very basic infrastructure in the right places.
In a study published in Nature Sustainability, Malak Anshassi and Timothy Townsend estimate that high-income countries typically spend about $50 per person on waste management.5 In low-income countries, it’s $1 at most.6 This is where investment makes the biggest difference: each dollar spent upgrading systems in a low- or lower-middle-income country prevents roughly 25,000 times more plastic pollution than the same dollar spent on advanced infrastructure in a rich country.
Since capital is usually the constraint, focusing on basic infrastructure — collection and controlled landfills — beats expensive options like incinerators and recycling plants.7
For those passionate about ending plastic pollution, this is where attention and resources could make the biggest difference.
To most, this won’t sound like a particularly attractive way to spend money. Who really wants to invest in waste collection trucks and landfills? Not many. But for those passionate about ending plastic pollution, this is where attention and resources could make the biggest difference. Making the case for waste management and ways to make these processes and infrastructure cheaper could be the best thing you do to stop bottles clogging the world’s rivers and toxic pollution filling the air.
We already have the knowledge and tools to reduce global plastic pollution to just 2% of its current levels. With the right focus and investment, most of it is preventable.
Acknowledgments
Many thanks to Max Roser and Edouard Mathieu for editorial feedback and comments on this article.
Endnotes
The world generated around 52 million tonnes of plastic pollution in 2020.
If all countries had the same rate of plastic pollution as high-income countries — 0.12 kilograms per person — this would generate 960,000 tonnes of plastic pollution each year [0.12 * 8 billion people / 1000 to convert to tonnes]. That’s a reduction of around 98% [(52,000,000 - 960,000) / 52,000,000 = 98%].
Cottom, J. W., Cook, E., & Velis, C. A. (2024). A local-to-global emissions inventory of macroplastic pollution. Nature, 633(8028), 101-108.
This combines estimates of the amount of plastic used and waste generated in each country with data on how waste is managed to understand how much pollution is generated and where in the system it comes from. This relies on some assumptions about how much plastic waste stored in sanitary landfills or open dumps might leak into the environment.
This is the most comprehensive global assessment of plastic pollution to date, but its results and conclusions are similar to those of previous studies. All point towards a similar conclusion: that most plastic pollution and ocean plastics are generated in low- to middle-income countries, even though they use less plastic per person.
Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., ... & Law, K. L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science.
Meijer, L. J. J., van Emmerik, T., van der Ent, R., Schmidt, C. & Lebreton, L. (2021). More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean. Science Advances.
Lebreton, L. C. M. et al. (2017). River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Nature Communications.
In rich countries, littering dominates, not because people litter more, but because other sources are so small.
The “one in every five kilograms” figure varies by the particular income group: in low-income countries, it’s one-in-two, in lower-middle income it’s one-in-three, and in upper-middle income it’s one-in-seven.
Low and middle-income countries combined produce around 200 million tonnes of plastic waste each year. If they halved this, it would be 100 million tonnes. If one in five kilograms becomes pollution, that would still mean 20 million tonnes each year.
Anshassi, M., & Townsend, T. G. (2025). Improving waste systems in the global south to tackle international environmental impacts. Nature Sustainability.
The authors give the contrast of Italy and the Netherlands, which spend $54 and US$60 per person, respectively, to Mexico and Hungary at US$2 and US$7 per person. In low-income countries, spending levels are likely lower than this: in some countries, it’s likely less than $1 per person.
Note that this is only true if waste management involves controlled systems: reliable collection and sanitary landfills. If countries invest in more collection, but then put it in open dumps or openly burn it, it simply moves the pollution. It does not stop it.
MacLeod, M. (2024). Waste management won’t solve the plastics problem—we need to cut consumption. Nature.
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Hannah Ritchie and Veronika Samborska (2026) - “Why cheap waste management is key to stopping plastic pollution” Published online at OurWorldinData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260324-152047/why-cheap-waste-management-is-key-to-stopping-plastic-pollution.html' [Online Resource] (archived on March 24, 2026).BibTeX citation
@article{owid-why-cheap-waste-management-is-key-to-stopping-plastic-pollution,
author = {Hannah Ritchie and Veronika Samborska},
title = {Why cheap waste management is key to stopping plastic pollution},
journal = {Our World in Data},
year = {2026},
note = {https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260324-152047/why-cheap-waste-management-is-key-to-stopping-plastic-pollution.html}
}
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