A second airport has become an eagerly sought feature for several of China’s largest cities, reflecting a broader shift towards airspace competition and multi-centre aviation networks.

With dual-airport systems already in place in Beijing, Shanghai and Chengdu, new projects in Hangzhou, Guangzhou and Chongqing are advancing even as concerns mount over long-term fiscal viability and regional traffic shifts.

Second airports are being framed by local governments not only as capacity-expansion projects, but as essential infrastructure to secure international connectivity, increase cross-border passenger flows and attract emerging industries.

The race is accelerating, with Hangzhou, capital of coastal Zhejiang province, launching a siting study this month for a second facility. The province, an eastern tech hub, is seeing an increase in economic activity as numerous start-ups continue to raise the city’s profile.

Guangzhou broke ground in March on a new airport with three runways and two terminals targeting 2030 operations and 30 million passengers annually, while Chongqing, the inland economic centre attempting to become a global gateway for exports, is completing pre-feasibility work ahead of a scheduled 2030 completion.

Analysts cautioned that while new airport projects are often based on ambitious planning assumptions, the real challenges lie in long-term operational viability and fiscal sustainability.

They noted that, in practice, new airports in major cities often draw demand away from regional facilities, increasing smaller airports’ dependence on government subsidies to sustain routes and cover operating losses.