India may be the world’s most populous country, with 1.42 billion people and challenges like high youth unemployment, but powerful allies of Prime Minister Narendra Modi are championing larger families to counter a declining fertility rate.

Even though the United Nations projects India’s population would keep rising for ‌about four decades, peaking at around 1.7 billion, some policymakers and Hindu groups say the shift away from smaller families should begin now, including through government financial support.

The country’s total fertility rate (TFR), the average number of children per woman, declined to 2 in the 2019/21 government assessment period, down from 3.4 in 1992/93, due to increasing use of contraceptives and rising education among females. A rate of 2.1 is required for the population to ⁠replace itself, the government estimates.

The southern state of Andhra Pradesh, ruled by a coalition of a regional party and Modi’s ‌party, said over the weekend it would offer a one-time cash incentive of 30,000 rupees (US$311) for a third child and 40,000 rupees for a fourth, revising an earlier proposal for ‌25,000 rupees for a second child and no direct support for a firstborn. It did not ⁠say when the plan would ⁠be implemented.

Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu said falling birth rates in many countries were leading to ageing populations and economic strain.

“In the past, we worked extensively ‌on family planning,” he said. “Now, given the changed circumstances, we are calling for children to be seen as wealth.”