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个人破产之外:债务清零能否让企业家重新创业
2026-03-17 · via neverland

个人破产之外:债务清零能否让企业家重新创业 (2026-03-17 22:31)

张杜超

个人破产的债务“清零”之所以在制度讨论中被寄予厚望,很大程度上来自一种理想化的推演:只要创业者知道失败后可以通过法律程序摆脱债务负担,就会更愿意承担风险乃至持续创业。但从我们接触到的实际情况来看,中国企业家的行为逻辑绝对更为复杂,受多种因素交织影响。很多企业家再次创业,更多是因为行业机会、人脉资源或者个人经验,是否背债至少不是决定性因素。

在一些较大规模的破产案件中,我们在与实控人交流时,虽关注现实困境的解决,但他们更多讨论未来如何重新发展——大部分企业家即便背负着巨额债务,仍然在寻找新的商业机会,有的通过团队合作,有的通过新的投资人,重新参与市场活动。这部分企业经营者,很少把再次创业直接与破产制度项下的债务能否清零挂钩。从这个角度看,把个人破产制度视为激励企业家创业的关键工具,多少有点“制度想象”。

在很多融资结构中,企业家的个人保证不是基于真实风险评估,更像是一种形式化的放贷审批流程。只要是民营企业融资,都会要求企业家、配偶甚至子女等提供个人担保,这几乎是“标准配置”。破产法修订若试图通过豁免这些连带债务来恢复企业家的经济能力,实际上是在为一种已经高度模式化的金融实操问题进行补救。

从制度功能上看,这更接近于一种社会治理工具,而不是市场宣传中经常提到的“释放企业家再创业活力”。