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家庭疏遠比人們想的更普遍,但研究顯示對幸福感的影響是複雜的
Gaynor Parki · 2026-05-24 · via The Guardian

D儘管媒體報導偶爾會強調名人家庭的疏遠,但在許多文化中,疏遠帶有污名,直接挑戰了人們對家庭應該是什麼的深刻價值觀。

與家人疏遠的人常常感到羞恥或覺得自己失敗了,並在私底下默默地承受痛苦。然而,對於疏遠的研究表明,這遠比想像中普遍得多。 比大多数人想的還要嚴重.

Dillip* 拒絕與他的兄弟交談,在他父母從印度來訪後的一次困難的家庭團聚之後。在他兄弟醉醺醺地向父母索要錢財以及一場激烈的爭吵之後,Dillip 仍然感到他的憤怒。他不想調解,但他的妻子和他的兄弟的妻子堅持要調解。

Marina* 正考慮停止與她父親溝通,多年來溝通困難且長期失聯。「我實在不想理他。他只有在需要什麼時候才聯繫我,我已經疲憊了。」

Todd* 已經做出痛苦的決定,與他最年幼的女兒切斷所有聯繫,在無數次嘗試幫助她戒除藥癮失敗後。在她多年向他索要錢財、公然盜竊、警察打電話要求他去接她,以及他無數次徒勞嘗試讓她去戒毒所後,他的痛苦變得無法承受。“我選擇不再見她、不與她交談,如果她再次遇到麻煩也不會回應。我现在必須保護我自己的健康和心理健康。”

疏離經驗的連續體

正如這些經驗所突顯,疏離並非二元對立;相反地,它是一個逐漸減少接觸的連續體。在這一端,人們經歷持續的尷尬,會議中的緊張沉默或無需言說的共識,帶著內疚的期望尋求緩解,正如馬麗娜所期望的那樣。再遠一點是迪利普的憤怒和停止聯繫,但仍有和解的可能性。然後是托德:完全停止——一個決定正式化裂痕,且沒有反轉的意圖。有些人選擇永久屏蔽號碼,或許搬離城市甚至國家以創造更多距離。這個連續體上的每一步都代表著對失去的人的心理關係變化——從憤怒和矛盾到失落和悲傷,絕望和往往,決心。

疏遠之路

克里斯蒂娜·夏普描述了兩種途徑: “突發死亡” (Dillip) 和 “逐漸消失” (Todd and Marina),並指出即使突發死亡的案例通常也有一段前史。那“最後一根稻草”很少是原因,但標誌著一切看似無法解決的事態在此刻凝固的時刻。Dillip的哥哥在家人面前向父母要錢就是那種時刻:不僅僅是當時令人沮喪,而且代表了某種模式。研究顯示,最常被引用的疏離原因包括虐待和忽視、藥物濫用、重大價值觀差異,和顯著的離婚,這變成了後來親子疏遠的一個重要風險因素.

疏遠是正確的選擇嗎?

在當下,疏離感可能會帶來清爽的緩解,但它可能並不會保持這樣,即使它是有必要的(例如在虐待情況下)。關於疏離感帶來的積極幸福結果的研究,毫不驚訝地說,結果是混合的。這似乎很大程度上取決於疏離的原因:切斷虐待親情的關係往往會改善幸福;由價值觀差異驅動的疏離則更為模棱兩可。

而且重要的是要留意,疏遠也可能改變我們對自己的看法。對瑪麗娜而言,不與父親聯繫意味著重新定義——「我總是那個好女兒,無論如何都會出現的那個,但現在我不會這樣了。」

和解之路?

和解與修復可能是可能的,也可能是所期望的。有時候,對於馬麗娜和湯德來說,疏離感似乎是唯一的選擇。在那種情況下,我們的支持需要幫助人們以他們能夠的最佳方式哀悼和應對。研究人員已經表明,為人們提供溫暖、認可與安全可能是疏離關係中遺失的成分,也可能帶來一些安慰。

對托德而言,和解的問題已經結束了——不是因為痛苦的緣故,而是因為他透過艱難奮鬥獲得了清晰的認知,即持續接觸對他的身心健康造成的負面影響。他現在正面對心理學家所稱的模糊失落——對一個仍然活著的人的哀悼,以及一個沒有正式結束的關係。對這種失落沒有安慰的儀式,沒有慰問卡。研究發現支持小組有減少羞恥與痛苦,幫助確認損失。對湯德來說,這份對他決定的支持可能是一個好的治療選項.

儘管仍然憤怒,迪利普對與兄弟和解的選項相對開放,並依賴妻子和嫂嫂積極的支持來促進這件事。瑪麗娜的情況在這個連續體中處於中間;她仍然與父親失去聯繫,並對未來改變她的立場感到謹慎。

三個例子共同的體驗是家庭可能會失敗——以及那混亂的、往往孤獨的決定如何處理這份知識的工作.

*這裡描述的每個人都有權許可分享他們的故事。姓名和某些細節已為了隱私而更改