Linux 定时自动备份数据到 OneDrive/Google Drive

Nov 18, 2020*
Updated Nov 2, 2023
8 min read
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鉴于上次的服务器崩溃事件，写一个数据自动备份脚本就显得尤为重要。折腾了一晚，最终实现效果是每晚三点自动备份数据库和网站等数据并使用 Openssl 加密归档，保留最近一个月的数据，通过开源的 rclone 工具同步到 Google Drive 和 Onedrive 上，这样就万无一失了。🍟

编写 Shell 脚本

脚本是自己使用，因此比较简单。

#!/bin/bash
# Writen by Atp on Nov 15, 2020
# Website:  https://atpx.com

DATE=`date +%Y%m%d`
BACKUP_TEMP_PATH=/backup/tmp
# Database
DB_NAME=
DB_USR=
DB_PW=
DB_OUT_NAME="db_$DATE"
# Website
WEB_PATH=
WEB_OUT_NAME="web_$DATE"
# Archive
ARCHIVE_PATH=/backup/archives
ARCHIVE_LOG_FILE=/backup/log/backup.log

# Backup mysql
# mysqldump -u$DB_USR -p$DB_PW --databases $DB_NAME > $BACKUP_TEMP_PATH/$DB_OUT_NAME.sql
mysqldump --login-path=$DB_USR --databases $DB_NAME > $BACKUP_TEMP_PATH/$DB_OUT_NAME.sql

# Backup webdsite
cd $WEB_PATH
zip -rq $BACKUP_TEMP_PATH/$WEB_OUT_NAME.zip *

# Archive files
cd $BACKUP_TEMP_PATH
# tar cf - * | openssl enc -e -aes-128-cbc -pbkdf2 -k [password] -out $ARCHIVE_PATH/$DATE.tar.aes
tar cf - * | gpg -e -r [recipient] -o $ARCHIVE_PATH/$DATE.tar.gpg

# Backup the latest 30 days
rm $BACKUP_TEMP_PATH/*
find $ARCHIVE_PATH -name "*.tar.gpg" -type f -mtime +30 -exec rm {} \;

# Sync to Google Drive
rclone sync $ARCHIVE_PATH gdrive:[sync path]

# Sync to Microsoft OneDrive
rclone sync $ARCHIVE_PATH onedrive:[sync path]

# Output log file
echo -e "\e[1;32m---------------------------------------------\e[0m" >> $ARCHIVE_LOG_FILE
echo -e "Backup date: "$(date +%Y-%m-%d)"\t""Finish time: "$(date +%H:%M:%S) >> $ARCHIVE_LOG_FILE
echo -e "\e[1;32m---------------------------------------------\e[0m\n" >> $ARCHIVE_LOG_FILE

这里说明一下，使用mysqldump备份的时候，如果通过账号密码导出会提示使用明文密码不安全的警告，虽然不影响使用，但看着就不爽，因此改用了 MySQL5.7 之后提供的新方式，通过 --login-path= 的方式登录数据库，首先保存一个加密验证信息：

mysql_config_editor set --login-path=[name] --host=localhost --user=[usr] --password

查看所设置的信息：

mysql_config_editor print --all

删除指定信息：

mysql_config_editor remove --login-path=[usr]

值得一提的，我第一次设置的时候毫无疑问的失败了- -，一直无法登录，后来才知道所设置的用户密码中不能包括"#“符号，不然就会报错。

配置 rclone

官方有一键安装脚本，适用于 Linux/macOS/BSD 系统：

curl https://rclone.org/install.sh | sudo bash

之后需要在服务器上配置 Google Dirve 和 OneDrive 的连接。以下默认使用官方 API，由于官方 API 为所有用户共享，速度可能容易被限制，你如果要求较高可以官方参照教程去 Google Cloud 或者 Microsoft Azure（目前 Azure 新建 API 有效值最多两年）自己注册应用并设置 API 获取相应的 client_id 和 client_secret 以减少限制。

连接 Google Drive

输入 rclone config 命令，根据提示的信息进行操作，下面演示的版本为 v1.57.0，不同版本可能会略有出入，网盘序号也会改变，配置的时候稍微注意点就行了。

查看连接 Google Drive 步骤

- using defaults
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n  # 输入 n，新建远程连接
name> gdrive  # 输入自定义名称，用于区分不同连接
Option Storage.
Type of storage to configure.
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("").
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value.
 1 / 1Fichier
   \ "fichier"
 2 / Alias for an existing remote
   \ "alias"
 3 / Amazon Drive
   \ "amazon cloud drive"
 4 / Amazon S3 Compliant Storage Providers including AWS, Alibaba, Ceph, Digital Ocean, Dreamhost, IBM COS, Minio, SeaweedFS, and Tencent COS
   \ "s3"
 5 / Backblaze B2
   \ "b2"
 6 / Better checksums for other remotes
   \ "hasher"
 7 / Box
   \ "box"
 8 / Cache a remote
   \ "cache"
 9 / Citrix Sharefile
   \ "sharefile"
10 / Compress a remote
   \ "compress"
11 / Dropbox
   \ "dropbox"
12 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
   \ "crypt"
13 / Enterprise File Fabric
   \ "filefabric"
14 / FTP Connection
   \ "ftp"
15 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
   \ "google cloud storage"
16 / Google Drive
   \ "drive"
17 / Google Photos
   \ "google photos"
18 / Hadoop distributed file system
   \ "hdfs"
19 / Hubic
   \ "hubic"
20 / In memory object storage system.
   \ "memory"
21 / Jottacloud
   \ "jottacloud"
22 / Koofr
   \ "koofr"
23 / Local Disk
   \ "local"
24 / Mail.ru Cloud
   \ "mailru"
25 / Mega
   \ "mega"
26 / Microsoft Azure Blob Storage
   \ "azureblob"
27 / Microsoft OneDrive
   \ "onedrive"
28 / OpenDrive
   \ "opendrive"
29 / OpenStack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
   \ "swift"
30 / Pcloud
   \ "pcloud"
31 / Put.io
   \ "putio"
32 / QingCloud Object Storage
   \ "qingstor"
33 / SSH/SFTP Connection
   \ "sftp"
34 / Sia Decentralized Cloud
   \ "sia"
35 / Sugarsync
   \ "sugarsync"
36 / Tardigrade Decentralized Cloud Storage
   \ "tardigrade"
37 / Transparently chunk/split large files
   \ "chunker"
38 / Union merges the contents of several upstream fs
   \ "union"
39 / Uptobox
   \ "uptobox"
40 / Webdav
   \ "webdav"
41 / Yandex Disk
   \ "yandex"
42 / Zoho
   \ "zoho"
43 / http Connection
   \ "http"
44 / premiumize.me
   \ "premiumizeme"
45 / seafile
   \ "seafile"
Storage> 16 # 找到 Google Drive 的序号，我这里的版本是 16
Option client_id.
Google Application Client Id
Setting your own is recommended.
See https://rclone.org/drive/#making-your-own-client-id for how to create your own.
If you leave this blank, it will use an internal key which is low performance.
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("").
client_id> # 一般留空，直接回车，如果你需要同步大量文件可以自己去 Google Cloud 注册应用程序并设置 API，而不使用 rclone 的 API 减少限制
Option client_secret.
OAuth Client Secret.
Leave blank normally.
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("").
client_secret> # 一般留空，直接回车
Option scope.
Scope that rclone should use when requesting access from drive.
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("").
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value.
 1 / Full access all files, excluding Application Data Folder.
   \ "drive"
 2 / Read-only access to file metadata and file contents.
   \ "drive.readonly"
   / Access to files created by rclone only.
 3 | These are visible in the drive website.
   | File authorization is revoked when the user deauthorizes the app.
   \ "drive.file"
   / Allows read and write access to the Application Data folder.
 4 | This is not visible in the drive website.
   \ "drive.appfolder"
   / Allows read-only access to file metadata but
 5 | does not allow any access to read or download file content.
   \ "drive.metadata.readonly"
scope> 1 # 根据你的需求选择访问权限，这里选择完全权限
Option root_folder_id.
ID of the root folder.
Leave blank normally.
Fill in to access "Computers" folders (see docs), or for rclone to use
a non root folder as its starting point.
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("").
root_folder_id> # 一般留空，直接回车
Option service_account_file.
Service Account Credentials JSON file path.
Leave blank normally.
Needed only if you want use SA instead of interactive login.
Leading `~` will be expanded in the file name as will environment variables such as `${RCLONE_CONFIG_DIR}`.
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("").
service_account_file> # 一般留空，直接回车
Edit advanced config?
y) Yes
n) No (default)
y/n> n # 输入 n，不进行高级设置
Use auto config?
 * Say Y if not sure
 * Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine

y) Yes (default)
n) No
y/n> n # 输入 n
Option config_verification_code.
Verification code
Go to this URL, authenticate then paste the code here.
https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/xxxxxx
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("").
config_verification_code> # 输入访问上述网址后的 token
Configure this as a Shared Drive (Team Drive)?

y) Yes
n) No (default)
y/n> n # 是否配置为团队盘
--------------------
[gdrive]
type = drive
scope = drive
token = {"access_token":""}
team_drive = 
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK (default)
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y # 上述配置是否正确，输入 y 确认即可完成配置
Current remotes:

Name                 Type
====                 ====
gdrive               drive

e) Edit existing remote
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
e/n/d/r/c/s/q> q # 输入 q 退出配置

连接 OneDrive

连接 OneDrive 的 token 需要在本地 Windows 电脑上下载 Windows 版 rclone 获取，下载后解压，在 rclone 文件夹中的资源管理器地址栏输入 cmd，打开命令提示符，输入 rclone 配置中提示的命令：

rclone authorize "onedrive"

接下来会弹出浏览器，登录账号进行授权，然后返回 cmd 窗口会出现类似信息：

2021/11/27 21:53:38 NOTICE: Log in and authorize rclone for access
2021/11/27 21:53:38 NOTICE: Waiting for code...
2021/11/27 21:53:42 NOTICE: Got code
Paste the following into your remote machine --->
xxxx
<---End paste

复制保存对应 “xxxx” 的所有内容，接下来会用到，然后回到服务器上输入 rclone config 进行配置：

查看连接 OneDrive 步骤

- using defaults
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n  # 输入 n，新建远程连接
name> onedrive  # 输入自定义名称，用于区分不同连接
Option Storage.
Type of storage to configure.
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("").
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value.
 1 / 1Fichier
   \ "fichier"
 2 / Alias for an existing remote
   \ "alias"
 3 / Amazon Drive
   \ "amazon cloud drive"
 4 / Amazon S3 Compliant Storage Providers including AWS, Alibaba, Ceph, Digital Ocean, Dreamhost, IBM COS, Minio, SeaweedFS, and Tencent COS
   \ "s3"
 5 / Backblaze B2
   \ "b2"
 6 / Better checksums for other remotes
   \ "hasher"
 7 / Box
   \ "box"
 8 / Cache a remote
   \ "cache"
 9 / Citrix Sharefile
   \ "sharefile"
10 / Compress a remote
   \ "compress"
11 / Dropbox
   \ "dropbox"
12 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
   \ "crypt"
13 / Enterprise File Fabric
   \ "filefabric"
14 / FTP Connection
   \ "ftp"
15 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
   \ "google cloud storage"
16 / Google Drive
   \ "drive"
17 / Google Photos
   \ "google photos"
18 / Hadoop distributed file system
   \ "hdfs"
19 / Hubic
   \ "hubic"
20 / In memory object storage system.
   \ "memory"
21 / Jottacloud
   \ "jottacloud"
22 / Koofr
   \ "koofr"
23 / Local Disk
   \ "local"
24 / Mail.ru Cloud
   \ "mailru"
25 / Mega
   \ "mega"
26 / Microsoft Azure Blob Storage
   \ "azureblob"
27 / Microsoft OneDrive
   \ "onedrive"
28 / OpenDrive
   \ "opendrive"
29 / OpenStack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
   \ "swift"
30 / Pcloud
   \ "pcloud"
31 / Put.io
   \ "putio"
32 / QingCloud Object Storage
   \ "qingstor"
33 / SSH/SFTP Connection
   \ "sftp"
34 / Sia Decentralized Cloud
   \ "sia"
35 / Sugarsync
   \ "sugarsync"
36 / Tardigrade Decentralized Cloud Storage
   \ "tardigrade"
37 / Transparently chunk/split large files
   \ "chunker"
38 / Union merges the contents of several upstream fs
   \ "union"
39 / Uptobox
   \ "uptobox"
40 / Webdav
   \ "webdav"
41 / Yandex Disk
   \ "yandex"
42 / Zoho
   \ "zoho"
43 / http Connection
   \ "http"
44 / premiumize.me
   \ "premiumizeme"
45 / seafile
   \ "seafile"
Storage> 27 # 找到 OneDrive 的序号，我这里的版本是 27
Option client_id.
Google Application Client Id
Setting your own is recommended.
See https://rclone.org/drive/#making-your-own-client-id for how to create your own.
If you leave this blank, it will use an internal key which is low performance.
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("").
client_id> # 一般留空，直接回车，如果你需要同步大量文件可以自己去 Microsoft Azure 注册应用程序并设置 API，而不使用 rclone 的 API 减少限制
Option client_secret.
OAuth Client Secret.
Leave blank normally.
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("").
client_secret> # 一般留空，直接回车
Option region.
Choose national cloud region for OneDrive.
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("global").
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value.
 1 / Microsoft Cloud Global
   \ "global"
 2 / Microsoft Cloud for US Government
   \ "us"
 3 / Microsoft Cloud Germany
   \ "de"
 4 / Azure and Office 365 operated by 21Vianet in China
   \ "cn"
region> 1 # 选择你的 OneDrive 区域
Edit advanced config?
y) Yes
n) No (default)
y/n> n # 输入 n，不进行高级设置
Use auto config?
 * Say Y if not sure
 * Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine

y) Yes (default)
n) No
y/n> n # 输入 n
Option config_token.
For this to work, you will need rclone available on a machine that has
a web browser available.
For more help and alternate methods see: https://rclone.org/remote_setup/
Execute the following on the machine with the web browser (same rclone
version recommended):
        rclone authorize "onedrive"
Then paste the result.
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("").
config_token> # 粘贴前面在 Windows 上获取的内容
Option config_type.
Type of connection
Enter a string value. Press Enter for the default ("onedrive").
Choose a number from below, or type in an existing value.
 1 / OneDrive Personal or Business
   \ "onedrive"
 2 / Root Sharepoint site
   \ "sharepoint"
   / Sharepoint site name or URL
 3 | E.g. mysite or https://contoso.sharepoint.com/sites/mysite
   \ "url"
 4 / Search for a Sharepoint site
   \ "search"
 5 / Type in driveID (advanced)
   \ "driveid"
 6 / Type in SiteID (advanced)
   \ "siteid"
   / Sharepoint server-relative path (advanced)
 7 | E.g. /teams/hr
   \ "path"
config_type> 1 # 输入你的 OneDrive 类型
Drive OK?

Found drive "root" of type "personal"
URL: https://onedrive.live.com/?cid=xxxxx

y) Yes (default)
n) No
y/n> y # 输入 y
--------------------
[onedrive]
type = onedrive
client_id = 
client_secret = 
token = {"access_token":"","expiry":""}
drive_id = 
drive_type = personal
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK (default)
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y # 输入 y 确认
Current remotes:

Name                 Type
====                 ====
gdrive               drive
onedrive             onedrive

e) Edit existing remote
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
e/n/d/r/c/s/q> q # 输入 q 退出配置

测试配置

配置完成后，你可以同步一个简单的文件进行测试，比如在 /home/rclone-test 目录下新建一个 1.txt 文件，然后使用同步命令：

rclone sync /home/rclone-test onedrive:rclone-test/temp

然后登录你的 OneDrive 查看 rclone-test/temp 目录下是否有 1.txt 文件。

至于 rclone 完整的命令操作，可以查看官方文档。

设置定时任务

设置好 rclone 之后就该定时执行备份脚本了，这里通过 Crontab 设置定时任务，每晚两点执行备份脚本，记得给脚本可执行权限：

crontab -e
00 2 * * * /backup/backup.sh

使用说明：

分　时　日　月　周　执行命令
第 1 列：分钟 0-59，每分钟用 * 或者 */1 表示，整点分钟数为 00 或 0
第 2 列：小时 0-23（0 表示 0 点）
第 3 列：日 1-31
第 4 列：月 1-12
第 5 列：星期 0-6（0 表示星期天）
第 6 列：运行的命令

Updated 2020-11-21

经研究发现，Openssl 并不适合用于文档加密，因此改用 GnuPG

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