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Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence

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RareAgents: Autonomous Multi-disciplinary Team for Rare D...
Xuanzhong Ch · 2026-03-14 · via Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence

Authors

  • Xuanzhong Chen Tsinghua University
  • Ye Jin Peking Union Medical College Hospital
  • Xiaohao Mao Tsinghua University
  • Lun Wang Peking Union Medical College Hospital
  • Shuyang Zhang Peking Union Medical College Hospital
  • Ting Chen Tsinghua University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i1.36969

Abstract

Rare diseases, despite their low individual incidence, collectively impact around 300 million people worldwide due to the vast number of diseases. The involvement of multiple organs and systems, and the shortage of specialized doctors with relevant experience, make diagnosing and treating rare diseases more challenging than common diseases. Recently, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated notable applications across various domains. In the medical field, some agent methods have outperformed direct prompts in question-answering tasks from medical examinations. However, current agent frameworks are not well-adapted to real-world clinical scenarios, especially those involving the complex demands of rare diseases. To bridge this gap, we introduce RareAgents, the first LLM-driven multi-disciplinary team decision-support tool designed specifically for the complex clinical context of rare diseases. RareAgents integrates advanced Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) coordination, memory mechanisms, and medical tools utilization, leveraging Llama-3.1-8B/70B as the base model. Experimental results show that RareAgents outperforms state-of-the-art domain-specific models, GPT-4o, and current agent frameworks in diagnosis and treatment for rare diseases. Furthermore, we contribute a novel rare disease dataset, MIMIC-IV-Ext-Rare, to facilitate further research in this field.

How to Cite

Chen, X., Jin, Y., Mao, X., Wang, L., Zhang, S., & Chen, T. (2026). RareAgents: Autonomous Multi-disciplinary Team for Rare Disease Diagnosis and Treatment. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 40(1), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i1.36969

Issue

Section

AAAI Technical Track on Application Domains I

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