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Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence

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MergeDNA: Context-Aware Genome Modeling with Dynamic Toke...
Siyuan Li, K · 2026-03-14 · via Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence

Authors

  • Siyuan Li Zhejiang University Westlake University BioMap Research
  • Kai Yu Westlake University
  • Anna Wang Westlake University
  • Zicheng Liu Zhejiang University Westlake University BioMap Research
  • Chang Yu Westlake University
  • Jingbo Zhou Zhejiang University Westlake University
  • Qirong Yang BioMap Research
  • Yucheng Guo BioMap Research
  • Xiaoming Zhang BioMap Research
  • Stan Z. Li Westlake University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i1.37032

Abstract

Modeling genomic sequences faces two unsolved challenges: the information density varies widely across different regions, while there is no clearly defined minimum vocabulary unit. Relying on either four primitive bases or independently designed DNA tokenizers, existing approaches with naive masked language modeling pre-training often fail to adapt to the varying complexities of genomic sequences. Leveraging Token Merging techniques, this paper introduces a hierarchical architecture that jointly optimizes a dynamic genomic tokenizer and latent Transformers with context-aware pre-training tasks. As for network structures, the tokenization module automatically chunks adjacent bases into words by stacking multiple layers of the differentiable token merging blocks with local-window constraints, then a Latent Encoder captures the global context of these merged words by full-attention blocks. Symmetrically employing a Latent Decoder and a Local Decoder, MergeDNA learns with two pre-training tasks: Merged Token Reconstruction simultaneously trains the dynamic tokenization module and adaptively filters important tokens, while Adaptive Masked Token Modeling learns to predict these filtered tokens to capture informative contents. Extensive experiments show that MergeDNA achieves superior performance on three popular DNA benchmarks and several multi-omics tasks with fine-tuning or zero-shot evaluation, outperforming typical tokenization methods and large-scale DNA foundation models.

How to Cite

Li, S., Yu, K., Wang, A., Liu, Z., Yu, C., Zhou, J., … Li, S. Z. (2026). MergeDNA: Context-Aware Genome Modeling with Dynamic Tokenization Through Token Merging. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 40(1), 668–676. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i1.37032

Issue

Section

AAAI Technical Track on Application Domains I