A customer reported that whenever their program called CreateFileMapping to create a named file mapping, the call succeeded, but the resulting mapping was not the size they wanted. They requested a 1 megabyte mapping, but the mapping they got back was only 4KB, which they noticed because the program crashed once it accessed the 4097th byte. As an additional data point, if they call GetLastError() after creating the file mapping, they get ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS, suggesting that the file mapping already created. But this happens even the first time their program was run, and it even happens immediately after a reboot so there shouldn’t be any leftover mappings.

HANDLE h = CreateFileMappingW(INVALID_FILE_HANDLE, nullptr, PAGE_READWRITE,
            0, 1024 * 1024, L"MyFileMapping");

My guess is that they are getting ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS because the mapping already exists. (Quelle surprise !)

After a fresh reboot, the customer used Process Explorer to search all processes to see if any of them already had a handle to their file mapping, and lo and behold, they found one: It was some companion software for their webcam, and it chose the exact same uncreative file mapping name.

The customer appended a GUID to their file mapping name, thereby removing the possibility of an accidental name collision. (Of course, there is still the possibility of an intentional name collision. Not much you can do to protect yourself against an attacker at the same or higher privilege.)

Related reading: You can name your car, and you can name your kernel objects, but there is a qualitative difference between the two.