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Conversion between base64 and OpenCV or PIL Image 腾讯云对象存储博客图床开启 CDN 加速(不需要购买额外域名) Search and Replace in Multiple Files in Vim/Neovim Change Table Column Width in LaTeX Image or Table Side by Side in LaTeX LaTeX 并排显示图像或表格 Firenvim: Neovim inside Your Browser Content inside HTML tags missing in Latest Hugo? Creating Markdown Front Matter with Ultisnips Labelme JSON 标注格式转 voc XML 格式 Nifty Nvim Techniques That Make My Life Easier -- Series 6 macOS 下如何为视频制作字幕 Running Command Asynchronously inside Neovim Resolving Merge Conflict after Git Stash Pop Pylint: command not found? A Hands-on Experience with Neovim's Built-in LSP Support How to Convert PDF to Images with Imagemagick 互联网上常用缩略语集锦 File Backup in Neovim Converting PDF Pages to Images with Poppler Nifty Nvim Techniques That Make My Life Easier -- Series 5 Neovim Configuration for System-wide Use How to sort a list of tuple or list in Python -- lambda or itemgetter? Building A Vim Statusline from Scratch 人类第一颗原子弹爆炸始末 Distributed Training in PyTorch with Horovod Learning Expect Programming Essential Knowledge about SSH Nifty LaTeX Techniques -- Series 1 更改 Adsense 邮寄地址,重新寄送 PIN Mintty Tips and Configurations Generating Table of Contents for Markdown with Tagbar Convert Python Script to Exe on Windows with Pyinstaller Ubuntu on Windows Missing after Windows Update 使用代理加速 Mac 终端下载速度 My Experience with Several Zsh Plugin Managers 深圳租房小记 How to Install zplug inside Docker Container Why don't settings inside bashrc or bash_profile take effect? Setting Up Locale in Linux 谷歌 Adsense 申请及在 Hugo 中的配置 How to Write Algorithm Pseudo Code in LaTeX Nifty Nvim Techniques That Make My Life Easier -- Series 4 A Few Grammar Questions in Writing How to Read and Write Images with Unicode Paths in OpenCV Creating A Professional Table in LaTeX with booktabs How to Create Proper Folding for Vim/Nvim Configuration Linux Tips and Tricks -- s1 JPEG Image Orientation and Exif How Do I Show the Current File Path In Neovim? JPEG Image Quality in PIL Difference between view, reshape, transpose and permute in PyTorch Convert PIL or OpenCV Image to Bytes without Saving to Disk Fast Movement and Navigation Inside Vim or Neovim Unintuitive Behaviour of Case Sensitivity in Python glob Binding Keys in Zsh 几把机械键盘试用体验 Nvim Autocompletion with Deoplete Converting Markdown to Beautiful PDF with Pandoc Exclusive and Inclusive Motion in Neovim/Vim Nifty Nvim Techniques Which Make My Life Easier -- Series 3 Why Doesn't Jedi Autocompletion Work for Some Methods Vim-like Editing inside Browser Markdown 生成 HTML 时汉字之间出现多余空格问题 小米 9 安装谷歌商店(Google Play Store)与相关配置 Create Mappings That Take A Count in Neovim Spell Checking in Nvim English Words Completion inside Neovim/Vim How to Use Python Inside Vim Script with Neovim Nifty Little Nvim Techniques to Make My Life Easier -- Series 2 Setting up Ultisnips for Neovim Mac 上罗技 M590 鼠标设置 Nifty Little Nvim Techniques to Make My Life Easier -- Series 1 A Complete Guide on Writing LaTeX with Vimtex in Neovim Manipulating Images with Alpha Channels in Pillow Sublime Text Regular Expression Cheat Sheet Cropping Rotated Rectangles from Image with OpenCV Boosting Your Productivity on Terminal with Zsh and Plugins 最新版 Rime 输入法使用 (2022 更新) Display Image with Pillow inside Ubuntu on Windows Faster Directory Navigation with z.lua Cmder Advanced Configurations Nvim-qt Settings on Windows 10 Tmux Plugin Install and Management How to Debug Python Code in Terminal Markdown Writing and Previewing in Neovim -- A Complete Guide Line Number Settings for More Efficient Movement in Neovim 两个大规模中文语料库介绍以及处理 Windows 系统下几款程序员不可不用的神器 我的 2018 阅读清单 A Complete Guide to Neovim Configuration for Python Development How Is Newline Handled in Python and Various Editors? Two Issues Related to ImageFont Module in PIL 在 Listary 中调用 GoldenDict 或欧路词典查单词 Reading and Writing Text Files on Windows The Mathematics behind Font Shapes --- Bézier Curves and More 快速识别图片字体:字体识别工具介绍 Deoplete Failed to Load at Startup after Updating Python neovim Package What Is The Difference between pip, pip3 and pip3.6 Shipped with Anaconda3? Windows 10 系统下 Neovim 安装与配置
为什么 .bash_profile 里面的设置不生效?
2018-09-06 · via jdhao's digital space

最近安装了 Neovim,并且在 HOME 目录下的 .bash_profile 中设置好了 Neovim 可执行程序对应的 PATH 变量。奇怪的是,每次在 SSH 客户端打开一个新的服务器连接 session,登录服务器,进入自己账号以后,位于 .bash_profile 中的 PATH 设置命令没有生效,导致我无法启动安装的 Neovim,每次登录以后,我还必须手动 source 一下 .bash_profile 文件,然后才能使用 nvim 命令,非常让人恼火。本文记录我排查问题的过程以及最终的解决方案。

首先,我尝试把 .bash_profile 里面的设置拷贝到 .bashrc 中,发现登录服务器以后 PATH 变量设置是有效的,可以正常使用 Neovim,这说明 .bash_profile 里面的设置在登录的时候并未被执行。

原因何在?知道了问题症结以后,很快找到了答案,原来是登录账户时使用的 su $USERNAME 指令的问题。我们的服务器登陆方式比较特殊,并不是通过 SSH 直接登陆到自己目标服务器,而是先 SSH 登陆到一个跳板机,然后以一个统一身份登陆到目标服务器,最后每个用户使用 su $USERNAME 切换到自己的账号。如果使用该指令切换到自己的账户,打开的 shell 是 non-login shell,只有 .bashrc 里面的设置被 source,所以 .bash_profile 里面的设置才没有生效。

什么是 non-login shell?要说清这个问题,需要先介绍 shell 的不同工作模式,为了简化问题,仅仅针对 Bash。shell 分为 login shell 和 non-login shell;也可以分为 interactive shell 和 non-interactive shell.

login/non-login shell 以及 interactive/non-interactive shell#

Login shell 一般指的是用户通过正常的 ssh 登录到服务器(输入用户名和密码)进入的 shell;如果进入 login shell 以后,再打开 GUI terminal 或者执行 bash 命令,此时打开的是 non-login shell。

Interactive shell 指的是 shell 可以输出结果,也可以接受输入;non-interactive shell 则无法接受用户输入,当运行 script 的时候,实际上就是有一个 non-interactive shell 在执行脚本文件。

哪些配置文件被读取?#

采用 interactive login shell 登录的时候,首先读取并执行 /etc/profile 文件中命令,然后再依次顺序寻找 ~/.bash_profile,~/.bash_login~/.profile 文件,然后从第一个存在且可读取的文件中读取并执行指令。Bash 的 man page 说明如下:

When bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell with the –login option, it first reads and executes commands from the file /etc/profile, if that file exists. After reading that file, it looks for ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile, in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable

如果是 interactive non-login shell, 启动时候,首先读取执行 /etc/bashrc,然后再读取执行 ~/.bashrc

以上两种情况是最常见的。

使用 su $USERNAME 切换到自己的账号,打开的 Bash shell 实际上就是一个 interactive non-login shell,.bash_profile 里面的内容并没有被执行,所以设置才没有生效。想要在登录账号的时候确保 .bash_profile 里面的配置生效,打开的 shell 必须是 login shell。su 命令提供了 -l 选项(等同于 -):

-l Simulate a full login. The environment is discarded except for HOME, SHELL, PATH, TERM, and USER. HOME and SHELL are modified as above. USER is set to the target login. PATH is set to /bin:/usr/bin. TERM is imported from your current environment. The invoked shell is the target login’s, and su will change directory to the target login’s home directory.

简单来说,-l- 保证我们打开的是一个 login shell。所以,登录时候使用 su - USERNAME 即可保证 .bash_profile 里面的设置生效。

参考#