In the early development of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), convolutions with kernel size \(3\times 3\), \(5\times 5\), \(7\times 7\) or even \(11\times 11\) are often used. In the more recent literature, however, \(1\times 1\) convolutions are becoming prevalent. In this post, I will try to explain what \(1\times 1\) convolutions are and discuss why they are used in CNNs.

The meaning of \(1\times 1\) convolutions

In essence, \(1\times 1\) convolutions are just convolutions with kernel size equal to \(1\), nothing new. Suppose the feature map size of one layer is \(64\times 12\times 12\), and it is followed by \(1\times 1\) convolutions, and the output channel is \(C\). Then in this convolution layer, we will have \(C\) filters, each of which has shape \(64\times 1\times 1\). The convolutional weight shape in this layer is \(C\times 64\times 1\times 1\), and the shape of bias terms is \(C\times 1\times 1\). The output feature map size after this convolutional layer is \(C\times 12\times 12\). So the spatial size of feature maps is preserved, but the number of feature maps are changed from 64 to \(C\).

The paper Network in network first proposed to use \(1\times 1\) convolutions. In that paper, multiple \(1\times 1\) convolutional layers is stacked together, which the authors call a mlp layer. Since the kernel size is \(1\times 1\), which can not learn a spatial relationship within channels, it is used solely to learn cross-channel relations of the feature maps. You can also think of it as a fully-connected operation, where for each feature map the multiplying coefficients are the same.

Later in the Google Inception paper, \(1\times 1\) convolutions are also used in the inception module shown below.

The use of \(1\times 1\) convolutions is mainly for dimension reduction in channels to reduce the computational cost of the following \(3\times 3\) or \(5\times 5\) convolutions. Another purpose is to increase the non-linearity as \(1\times 1\) convolutions are immediately followed by ReLU. The two purposes of \(1\times 1\) convolutions are stated clearly in this paper:

That is, \(1\times 1\) convolutions are used to compute reductions before the expensive \(3\times 3\) and \(5\times 5\) convolutions. Besides being used as reductions, they also include the use of rectified linear activation making them dual-purpose.

In the more recent ResNet paper, the authors proposed to use “bottleneck” structure (shown below), which also involves the use of \(1\times 1\) convolutions. The purpose of it is also for reducing or increasing dimensions.

Relationship between fully-connected layers and \(1\times 1\) convolutions

In image classification, researchers often use fixed size input image and fully connected layers as classifiers to classify the image. But according to the father of convolutional neural networks – Yann lecun, there is no such thing as fully-connected layers and you do not need to use fixed size input image in testing time:

In Convolutional Nets, there is no such thing as “fully-connected layers”. There are only convolution layers with 1x1 convolution kernels and a full connection table. It’s a too-rarely-understood fact that ConvNets don’t need to have a fixed-size input. You can train them on inputs that happen to produce a single output vector (with no spatial extent), and then apply them to larger images. Instead of a single output vector, you then get a spatial map of output vectors. Each vector sees input windows at different locations on the input. In that scenario, the “fully connected layers” really act as 1x1 convolutions.

That is, we can interpret fully-connected layers as \(1\times 1\) convolutions. For example, in VGG-16 network, the input image size is \(224\times 224\), the output is a classification score for 1000 classes, whose size is \(1000\times 1\times 1\). If the input images have bigger size than \(224\times 224\), we can interpret the fully-connected layers as convolutions in a sliding windows fashion so that the output of the network is a classification map of size \(1000\times W\times H\), where \(W>1\) and \(H>1\). Each point in each classification map represent the probability of the corresponding receptive field in the original image belonging to that specific class.

Conclusions

In summary, \(1\times 1\) convolutions are used for 2 purposes: ones is to reduce dimensions in order to reduce computational cost, the other is to increase non-linearity of the network (or the capacity of the network) in a cheap way.

References

• A discussion about the meaning of \(1\times 1\) convolutions
• Why \(1\times 1\) convolutions are used
• Another post about the meaning of \(1\times 1\) convolutions
• A discussion about the significance of network in network
• How to interpret the fully-connected layers as convolutions.