Historical Note
The Enigma machine was used by Nazi Germany to encrypt military communications from 1939 to 1945. Its polyalphabetic substitution mechanism, combined with rotor rotation, produced over 158 quintillion possible configurations. Polish mathematicians Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki, and Henryk Zygalski first broke the cipher. Their work was later scaled up at Bletchley Park, where Alan Turing built the electromechanical "Bombe" to automate decryption. The intelligence gathered through these intercepts, codenamed Operation ULTRA, played a major role in the Allied victory.
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