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GitHub - JacopoPan/aerial-autonomy-stack: An open framework to simulate and deploy perception-based PX4/ArduPilot drone swarms with ROS2, YOLO, LiDAR, NVIDIA Jetson
SufficientFi · 2026-06-27 · via Hacker News: Show HN

Aerial autonomy stack (AAS) is a batteries included software stack to:

  1. Develop multi-drone autonomy—with ROS2, PX4, and ArduPilot
  2. Simulate faster-than-real-time perception and control—with YOLO and 3D LiDAR
  3. Deploy in real drones—with JetPack, DeepStream, and NVIDIA Orin

For an example bill of materials, read BOM.md; for motivation, read RATIONALE.md

aerial-autonomy-stack-v3.mp4
Features (click to expand)
  • PX4 and ArduPilot multi-vehicle simulation (quadrotors and VTOLs)
  • ROS2 action-based autopilot interface (via XRCE-DDS or MAVROS)
  • YOLO (with ONNX GPU Runtimes) and LiDAR Odometry (with KISS-ICP)
  • 3D worlds for perception-based simulation
  • Steppable Gymnasium environment and faster-than-real-time, multi-instance simulation
  • Gazebo's wind effects and waves plugins
  • Dockerized simulation based on Ubuntu with CUDA and cuDNN
  • Dockerized deployment based on NVIDIA JetPack with DeepStream
  • Windows 11 compatibility via WSL
  • Multi-Jetson-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation to test NVIDIA- and ARM-based on-board compute
  • Dual network to separate simulated sensors (SIM_SUBNET) and inter-vehicle comms (AIR_SUBNET)
  • Zenoh inter-vehicle ROS2 bridge
  • PX4 Offboard interface (e.g. CTBR/VehicleRatesSetpoint for agile, GNSS-denied flight)
  • ArduPilot Guided interface (i.e. setpoint_velocity, setpoint_accel references)
  • Logs analysis with flight_review (.ulg), MAVExplorer (.bin), and PlotJuggler (rosbag)

1. Installation

AAS is developed on Ubuntu 24.04 with nvidia-driver-580 using an i7-11 with 16GB RAM and RTX 3060

Read REQUIREMENTS_UBUNTU.md (or REQUIREMENTS_WSL.md for Windows 11) to install the requirements

sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y git xterm xfonts-base wget unzip
git clone https://github.com/JacopoPan/aerial-autonomy-stack.git && cd aerial-autonomy-stack/tools_and_docs/
./tests/check_requirements.sh                         # AAS requires nvidia-driver-580, docker, and nvidia-container-toolkit
./sim_build.sh                                        # The 1st build takes ~45' with good internet (`Ctrl + c` and restart if needed, cached stages will be preserved)
ghcr.io pre-built images (click to expand) aas build-and-test amd64
# ghcr.io images are re-built from `main` every Friday night
for name in aircraft ground simulation; do
  docker pull ghcr.io/jacopopan/${name}-image:latest
  docker tag ghcr.io/jacopopan/${name}-image:latest ${name}-image:latest
done

2. Multi-drone Simulation

workspace

Start AAS:

cd aerial-autonomy-stack/tools_and_docs/
AUTOPILOT=px4 NUM_QUADS=1 NUM_VTOLS=1 WORLD=swiss_town HEADLESS=false RTF=3.0 ./sim_run.sh    # Start a simulation, check the script for more options (note: ArduPilot SITL checks take ~30s of simulated time before being ready to arm)

There are 3 main ways to autonomously fly the drones (plus QGroundControl for operator supervision)

  1. From the Ground's Xterm terminal, fly all drones in a synchronized formation with dtc_controller_node:
ros2 run drone_traffic_controller dtc_controller --ros-args -p use_sim_time:=true
  1. From any QUAD/VTOL Xterm terminal, fly a behavior tree mission (e.g., yalla.yaml):
ros2 run mission mission --conops yalla.yaml --ros-args -r __ns:=/Drone$DRONE_ID -p use_sim_time:=true
  1. From any QUAD/VTOL Xterm terminal, use ROS2 actions for px4_offboard/ardupilot_guided:
cancellable_action "ros2 action send_goal /Drone${DRONE_ID}/takeoff_action \
    autopilot_interface_msgs/action/Takeoff '{takeoff_altitude: 30.0}'"
# Press Enter to cancel the action or regain the terminal when it finishes

cancellable_action "ros2 action send_goal /Drone${DRONE_ID}/offboard_action \
    autopilot_interface_msgs/action/Offboard \
    '{controller_name: att-test, max_duration_sec: 10.0}'"
# Add or re-implement offboard controllers in `px4_offboard.cpp`, `ardupilot_guided.cpp`

./sim_run.sh options:

- AUTOPILOT=px4, ardupilot
- HEADLESS/CAMERA/LIDAR=true, false
- NUM_QUADS/NUM_VTOLS=0, 1, ...
- WORLD=impalpable_greyness, apple_orchard, shibuya_crossing, swiss_town, waterworld
- RTF=1.0, 2.0, ... (real-time-factor, use 0.0 for "as fast as possible)
- INSTANCE=0, 1, ... (integer ID to run multiple parallel simulations)

worlds

WORLDs: (i) apple_orchard, a GIS world created using BlenderGIS / (ii) impalpable_greyness, an empty world with simple shapes / (iii) shibuya_crossing, a 3D world adapted from cgtrader / (iv) swiss_town, a photogrammetry world courtesy of Pix4D / pix4d.com / (v) waterworld, a dynamic world using the asv_wave_sim wave plugin

waves

Tip

Edit sensor_config.yaml, then run sim_build.sh, to customize the sensor parameters

Use ROS2 drone and gimbal control primitives from CLI (click to expand)
# Takeoff action (quads and VTOLs)
cancellable_action "ros2 action send_goal /Drone${DRONE_ID}/takeoff_action autopilot_interface_msgs/action/Takeoff '{takeoff_altitude: 40.0, vtol_transition_heading: 330.0, vtol_loiter_nord: 200.0, vtol_loiter_east: 100.0, vtol_loiter_alt: 120.0}'"

# Land (at home) action (quads and VTOLs)
cancellable_action "ros2 action send_goal /Drone${DRONE_ID}/land_action autopilot_interface_msgs/action/Land '{landing_altitude: 60.0, vtol_transition_heading: 60.0}'"

# Orbit action (quads and VTOLs)
cancellable_action "ros2 action send_goal /Drone${DRONE_ID}/orbit_action autopilot_interface_msgs/action/Orbit '{east: 500.0, north: 0.0, altitude: 150.0, radius: 200.0}'"

# Reposition service (quads only)
ros2 service call /Drone${DRONE_ID}/set_reposition autopilot_interface_msgs/srv/SetReposition '{east: 50.0, north: 100.0, altitude: 60.0}'

# Offboard action (Specify the flight behavior via `controller_name`, e.g., "traj-test" for PX4 or "vel-test" for ArduPilot)
cancellable_action "ros2 action send_goal /Drone${DRONE_ID}/offboard_action autopilot_interface_msgs/action/Offboard '{controller_name: traj-test, max_duration_sec: 5.0}'"

# SetSpeed service (always limited by the autopilot params, for quads applies from the next command, not effective on ArduPilot VTOLs) 
ros2 service call /Drone${DRONE_ID}/set_speed autopilot_interface_msgs/srv/SetSpeed '{speed: 3.0}'

# Gimbal status and position control (in radians)
ros2 topic echo /gimbal_state
ros2 topic pub -1 /gimbal_pitch_cmd std_msgs/msg/Float64 "{data: 1.57}"

To analyze the flight logs, in the Simulation's Xterm terminal:

/aas/simulation_resources/scripts/plot_logs.sh                                                # Analyze the flight logs at http://10.42.90.100:5006/browse or in MAVExplorer
Add or disable wind effects, in the Simulation's Xterm terminal (click to expand)
python3 /aas/simulation_resources/scripts/gz_wind.py --from_west 0.0 --from_south 3.0
python3 /aas/simulation_resources/scripts/gz_wind.py --stop_wind
Develop within live containers (click to expand)

Launching the sim_run.sh script with DEV=true, does not start the simulation and mounts folders [aircraft|ground|simulation]_resources, [aircraft|ground]_ws/src as volumes to more easily track, commit, push changes while building and testing them within the containers:

cd aerial-autonomy-stack/tools_and_docs/
DEV=true ./sim_run.sh                                                                       # Starts one simulation-image, one ground-image, and one aircraft-image where the *_resources/ and *_ws/src/ folders are mounted from the host

To build changes—made on the host—in the Ground or QUAD Xterm terminal:

cd /aas/aircraft_ws/                                                                        # Or cd /aas/ground_ws/
colcon build --symlink-install

To start the simulation, in the QUAD Xterm terminal:

tmuxinator start -p /aas/aircraft.yml.erb

In the Ground Xterm terminal:

tmuxinator start -p /aas/ground.yml.erb

In the Simulation Xterm terminal:

tmuxinator start -p /aas/simulation.yml.erb

To end the simulation, in each terminal detach Tmux with Ctrl + b, then d; kill all lingering processes with tmux kill-server && pkill -f gz

vio

3. Deployment on Jetson

AAS is tested on a Holybro Jetson Baseboard with Pixhawk 6X and NVIDIA Orin NX 16GB

The default quad is a Holybro X650 with the IMX219 camera and the Livox Mid-360S LiDAR

Read SETUP_AVIONICS.md and BOM.md to setup the requirements on the Jetson and configure the Pixhawk

Read SETUP_CHRONY.md to let the Jetson timesync to the ground-image computer when w/o internet

sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y git
git clone https://github.com/JacopoPan/aerial-autonomy-stack.git && cd aerial-autonomy-stack/tools_and_docs/
./deploy_build.sh                                     # Build for arm64, on Jetson Orin NX the first build takes ~50', including building onnxruntime-gpu with TensorRT support from source

aircraft-image arm64

On a Jetson Orin, start the aircraft-image:

cd aerial-autonomy-stack/tools_and_docs/
AUTOPILOT=px4 DRONE_ID=1 CAMERA=true LIDAR=false AIR_SUBNET=10.223 HEADLESS=true ./deploy_run.sh
# The 1st run of `./deploy_run.sh` requires ~10' to build the FP16 TensorRT cache

./deploy_run.sh options:

- DRONE_TYPE=quad, vtol
- AUTOPILOT=px4, ardupilot
- DRONE_ID=1, 2, ... (ROS_DOMAIN_ID of the drone, matching the MAV_SYS_ID/SYSID_THISMAV of the autpilot)
- HEADLESS/CAMERA/LIDAR=true, false

On a laptop, start the ground-image (QGC, Zenoh, SSH, and GStreamer):

cd aerial-autonomy-stack/tools_and_docs/
./sim_build.sh                                        # Build all images for amd64, including ground-image
GROUND=true NUM_QUADS=1 AIR_SUBNET=10.223 HEADLESS=false ./deploy_run.sh
HITL Simulation (click to expand)

Note: HITL simulation validates the Jetson compute and the inter-vehicle network. Use USB2.0 ASIX Ethernet adapters to add multiple network interfaces to the Jetson baseboards

Set up a LAN on an arbitrary SIM_SUBNET with netmask 255.255.0.0 (e.g. 172.30.x.x) between:

  • One simulation computer, with IP [SIM_SUBNET].90.100
  • One ground computer, with IP [SIM_SUBNET].90.101
  • N Jetson Baseboards with IPs [SIM_SUBNET].90.1, ..., [SIM_SUBNET].90.N

Optionally, set up a second LAN :AIR_SUBNET with netmask 255.255.0.0 (e.g. 10.223.x.x) between:

  • One ground computer, with IP [AIR_SUBNET].90.101
  • N Jetson Baseboards with IPs [AIR_SUBNET].90.1, ..., [AIR_SUBNET].90.N

First, start all aircraft containers, one on each Jetson (e.g. via SSH):

# On the Jetson with IPs ending in 90.1
HITL=true DRONE_ID=1 SIM_SUBNET=172.30 AIR_SUBNET=10.223 ./deploy_run.sh                      # Add HEADLESS=false if a screen is connected to the Jetson
# On the Jetson with IPs ending in 90.2
HITL=true DRONE_ID=2 SIM_SUBNET=172.30 AIR_SUBNET=10.223 ./deploy_run.sh                      # Add HEADLESS=false if a screen is connected to the Jetson

Then, start the simulation:

# On the computer with IPs ending in 90.100
HITL=true NUM_QUADS=2 SIM_SUBNET=172.30 ./sim_run.sh

Finally, start QGC and the Zenoh bridge:

# On the computer with IPs ending in 90.101
HITL=true GROUND=true NUM_QUADS=2 AIR_SUBNET=10.223 HEADLESS=false ./deploy_run.sh

Note: running only the first 3 commands with GND_CONTAINER=false puts the Zenoh bridge on the SIM_SUBNET, removing the need for the optional AIR_SUBNET and the computer with IP ending in 90.101

Once done, detach Tmux (and remove the containers) with Ctrl + b, then d

4. Gymnasium RL Environment

Using a Python venv or a conda environment is optional but recommended (click to expand)
wget https://repo.anaconda.com/archive/Anaconda3-2025.12-2-Linux-x86_64.sh # Or a newer version in https://repo.anaconda.com/archive/
bash Anaconda3-2025.12-2-Linux-x86_64.sh              # Install; start a new terminal
conda config --set auto_activate_base false           # Turn off auto initialization of (base); start a new terminal
conda update --all -n base -c defaults                # Update to the latest conda version
conda create -n aas python=3.12                       # Latest Python version beyond "bugfix" status https://devguide.python.org/versions/

Install the aas-gym package (after completing the steps in "Installation"):

conda activate aas                                    # If using Anaconda
cd aerial-autonomy-stack/aas-gym/
pip3 install -e .

aas-gym pip install

Examples:

conda activate aas                                    # If using Anaconda
cd aerial-autonomy-stack/tools_and_docs
python3 gym_run.py --mode step                        # Manually step AAS @1Hz
python3 gym_run.py --mode speedup                     # Speed-up test @50Hz
python3 gym_run.py --mode vectorenv-speedup           # Vectorized speed-up test @50Hz

Appendix A: Citation

@INPROCEEDINGS{panerati2026aas,
    author={Jacopo Panerati and Sina Sajjadi and Sina Soleymanpour and Varunkumar Mehta and Iraj Mantegh},
    booktitle={2026 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS)},
    title={{aerial-autonomy-stack}---a faster-than-real-time, autopilot-agnostic, {ROS2} framework to simulate and deploy perception-based drones},
    year={2026}}

Appendix B: Architecture

%%{init: {'theme': 'base', 'themeVariables': { 'fontFamily': 'monospace'}}}%%
flowchart TB
    subgraph aas [" "]
        subgraph sim ["#nbsp;simulation#nbsp;container#nbsp;(amd64)"]
            sitl("[N x] PX4 || <br/> ArduPilot SITL"):::resource
            gz(Gazebo Sim):::resource
            subgraph models [Models]
                drones(aircraft_models/):::resource
                worlds(simulation_worlds/):::resource
            end

            drones --> gz
            worlds --> gz
            sitl <--> |"gz_bridge || ardupilot_gazebo"| gz
        end

        subgraph gnd ["#nbsp;ground#nbsp;container#nbsp;(amd64)"]
            mlrouter{{mavlink-router}}:::bridge
            ground_system(ground_system):::algo
            dtc_controller(dtc_controller):::algo
            qgc(QGroundControl):::resource
            zenoh_gnd{{zenoh-bridge}}:::bridge

            ground_system --> |"/tracks"| zenoh_gnd
            dtc_controller --> |"/dtc_commands"| zenoh_gnd
            mlrouter <--> qgc
            mlrouter --> ground_system
        end

        subgraph air ["[N#nbsp;x]#nbsp;aircraft#nbsp;container(s)#nbsp;(amd64,#nbsp;arm64)"]
            subgraph perception [Perception]
                yolo_py(yolo_py):::algo
                kiss_icp(kiss_icp):::algo
                livo_pkgs(livo_pkgs):::algo
            end
            zenoh_air{{zenoh-bridge}}:::bridge
            subgraph control [Control]
                dtc_client(dtc_client):::algo
                mission(mission):::algo
                offboard_control(offboard_control):::algo
                autopilot_interface(autopilot_interface):::algo
                state_sharing(state_sharing):::algo
            end
            detection_split( ):::splitNode
            track_split( ):::splitNode

            ap_link{{"uxrce_dds <br/> || MAVROS"}}:::bridge
            kiss_icp -.-> |"/TBD"| ap_link
            livo_pkgs <-.-> |"/imu_data <br/> /TBD"| ap_link
            zenoh_air --> |"/tracks <br/> /state_drone_N"| track_split
            track_split --> offboard_control
            track_split --> mission
            zenoh_air --> |"/dtc_commands"| dtc_client
            ap_link --> state_sharing
            ap_link <--> autopilot_interface
            yolo_py --> |"/detections"| detection_split
            detection_split --> offboard_control
            detection_split --> mission
            offboard_control --> |"/ctrl_ref"| autopilot_interface
            mission --> |"ros2 action"| autopilot_interface
            dtc_client --> |"ros2 action"| autopilot_interface
            zenoh_air <--> |"/state_drone_n"| state_sharing
            autopilot_interface ~~~ state_sharing
        end
        lidar_split( ):::splitNode
        camera_split( ):::splitNode
    end

    gz --> |"/lidar_points <br/> [SIM_SUBNET]"| lidar_split
    lidar_split --> kiss_icp
    lidar_split --> livo_pkgs
    gz --> |"gz_gst_bridge <br/> [SIM_SUBNET]"| camera_split
    camera_split --> livo_pkgs
    camera_split -->  yolo_py
    sitl <--> |"UDP <br/> [SIM_SUBNET]"| ap_link
    sitl <--> |"MAVLink <br/> [SIM_SUBNET]"| mlrouter 
    zenoh_gnd <-.-> |"TCP <br/> [AIR_SUBNET]"| zenoh_air

    classDef bridge fill:#ffebd6,stroke:#f5a623,stroke-width:2px;
    classDef algo fill:#e1f5fe,stroke:#0277bd,stroke-width:2px;
    classDef resource fill:#e8f5e9,stroke:#2e7d32,stroke-width:2px;
    classDef splitNode fill:#cccccc,stroke:#666666,stroke-width:2px;
    classDef blueStyle  fill:#e1f0ff,stroke:#666,stroke-width:2px; class aas blueStyle;
    classDef whiteStyle fill:#f9f9f9,stroke:#666,stroke-width:1px,stroke-dasharray: 5 5; class air,gnd,sim whiteStyle;
    classDef greyStyle  fill:#eeeeee,stroke:#666,stroke-width:1px,stroke-dasharray: 5 5; class perception,control,models greyStyle;
    linkStyle 23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30 stroke:teal,stroke-width:3px; linkStyle 31 stroke:blue,stroke-width:4px;
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Repository structure (click to expand)
aerial-autonomy-stack
│
├── aas-gym
│   └── src
│       └── aas_gym
│           └── aas_env.py                            # aerial-autonomy-stack as a Gymnasium environment
│
├── aircraft
│   ├── aircraft_ws
│   │   └── src
│   │       ├── autopilot_interface                   # Ardupilot/PX4 high-level actions (Takeoff, Orbit, Offboard, Land)
│   │       ├── drone_traffic_client                  # Subscriber of topic `/dtc_commands` enforcing high-level actions from the ground
│   │       ├── imu_publisher                         # Multiplexer between PX4/DDS and ArduPilot/MAVROS sensor topics
│   │       ├── mission                               # Orchestrator of the actions in `autopilot_interface`
│   │       ├── offboard_control                      # Low-level references for the Offboard action in `autopilot_interface`
│   │       ├── state_sharing                         # Publisher of the `/state_sharing_drone_N` topic broadcasted by Zenoh
│   │       └── yolo_py                               # GStreamer video acquisition and publisher of YOLO bounding boxes
│   │
│   └── aircraft.yml.erb                              # Aircraft docker tmux entrypoint
│
├── ground
│   ├── ground_ws
│   │   └── src
│   │       ├── drone_traffic_controller              # Publisher of topic `/dtc_commands` broadcasted by Zenoh
│   │       └── ground_system                         # Publisher of topic `/tracks` broadcasted by Zenoh
│   │
│   └── ground.yml.erb                                # Ground docker tmux entrypoint
│
├── simulation
│   ├── simulation_resources
│   │   ├── aircraft_models
│   │   │   ├── alti_transition_quad                  # ArduPilot VTOL model
│   │   │   ├── iris_with_ardupilot                   # ArduPilot quad model
│   │   │   ├── sensor_camera                         # Camera model
│   │   │   ├── sensor_gimbal                         # 3D gimbal used with sensor_camera
│   │   │   ├── sensor_lidar                          # LiDAR model
│   │   │   ├── standard_vtol                         # PX4 VTOL model
│   │   │   ├── x500                                  # PX4 quad model
│   │   │   └── sensor_config.yaml                    # Intrinsics and extrinsics for all sensor and vehicle models
│   │   └── simulation_worlds
│   │       ├── apple_orchard.sdf
│   │       ├── impalpable_greyness.sdf
│   │       ├── shibuya_crossing.sdf
│   │       ├── swiss_town.sdf
│   │       └── waterworld.sdf
│   │
│   └── simulation.yml.erb                            # Simulation docker tmux entrypoint
│
└── tools_and_docs
    ├── docker
    │   ├── aircraft.dockerfile                       # Docker image for aircraft simulation and deployment
    │   ├── ground.dockerfile                         # Docker image for ground system simulation and deployment
    │   └── simulation.dockerfile                     # Docker image for SITL and HITL simulation
    │
    ├── deploy_build.sh                               # Build `aircraft.dockerfile` for arm64/Orin
    ├── deploy_run.sh                                 # Start the aircraft docker on arm64/Orin or the ground docker on amd64 (deploy or HITL)
    │
    ├── gym_run.py                                    # Examples for the Gymnasium aas-gym package
    │
    ├── sim_build.sh                                  # Build all dockerfiles for amd64/simulation
    └── sim_run.sh                                    # Start the simulation (SITL or HITL)
Dependencies management (click to expand)

Transitive constraints (as of May 2026):

External repositories:


You've done a man's job, sir. I guess you're through, huh?