Plugboard is an event-driven modelling and orchestration framework in Python for simulating and driving complex processes with many interconnected stateful components.

You can use it to define models in Python and connect them together easily so that data automatically moves between them. After running your model on a laptop, you can then scale out on multiple processors or go to a compute cluster in the cloud thanks to the integration with the Ray framework.

Some examples of what you can build with Plugboard include:

• Digital twin models of complex processes:
  • It can easily handle common problems in industrial process simulation like material recirculation;
  • Models can be composed from different underlying components, e.g. physics-based simulations, machine-learning, AI models;
• AI integrations:
  • You can feed data to/from different LLMs using Plugboard components;
  • Easily reconfigure and swap model providers for optimal performance.

🖋️ Key Features

• Reusable classes containing the core framework, which you can extend to define your own model logic;
• Support for different simulation paradigms: discrete time and event based.
• YAML model specification format for saving model definitions, allowing you to run the same model locally or in cloud infrastructure;
• A command line interface for executing models;
• Built to handle the data intensive simulation requirements of industrial process applications;
• Modern implementation with Python 3.12+ based around asyncio with complete type annotation coverage;
• Built-in integrations for loading/saving data from cloud storage and SQL databases;
• Built-in LLM integrations for building AI-augmented process models with support for multiple providers;
• Detailed logging of component inputs, outputs and state for monitoring and process mining or surrogate modelling use-cases.

🔌 Installation

Plugboard requires Python >= 3.12. Install the package with pip inside a virtual env as below.

python -m pip install plugboard

Optional integrations for different cloud providers can be installed using plugboard[aws], plugboard[azure] or plugboard[gcp].

Support for parallelisation and hyperparameter optimisation can be installed using plugboard[ray].

Additional optional extras: plugboard[llm] for LLM components, plugboard[redis] for Redis-based connectors, and plugboard[websockets] for WebSocket I/O.

⚡ Quickstart with AI

The fastest way to get started is to let your AI coding assistant build your first model. Run the following command in your project directory:

plugboard ai init

This copies a context file (AGENTS.md) into your project that gives your AI tool everything it needs to know about Plugboard: how components work, how to wire them together, library components that are already available, and best practices for building models.

Once initialised, simply open your AI tool of choice (GitHub Copilot, Cursor, Claude, etc.) and describe the model you want to build. For example:

"I want to simulate a production line with three machines in series. Each machine has a processing time drawn from a normal distribution and a 5% chance of failure. Model the throughput over 1000 time steps and save the results to a CSV."

Your AI assistant will use the AGENTS.md context to generate working Plugboard code — components, connectors, and a runnable process — tailored to your description.

🚀 Usage

Plugboard is built to help you with two things: defining process models, and executing those models. There are two main ways to interact with plugboard: via the Python API; or, via the CLI using model definitions saved in yaml format.

Building models with the Python API

A model is made up of one or more components, though Plugboard really shines when you have many! First we start by defining the Components within our model. Components can have only inputs, only outputs, or both. To keep it simple we just have two components here, showing the most basic functionality. Each component has several methods which are called at different stages during model execution: init for optional initialisation actions; step to take a single step forward through time; run to execute all steps; and destroy for optional teardown actions.

import typing as _t
from plugboard.component import Component, IOController as IO
from plugboard.schemas import ComponentArgsDict

class A(Component):
    io = IO(outputs=["out_1"])

    def __init__(self, iters: int, **kwargs: _t.Unpack[ComponentArgsDict]) -> None:
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self._iters = iters

    async def init(self) -> None:
        self._seq = iter(range(self._iters))

    async def step(self) -> None:
        try:
            self.out_1 = next(self._seq)
        except StopIteration:
            await self.io.close()


class B(Component):
    io = IO(inputs=["in_1"])

    def __init__(self, path: str, **kwargs: _t.Unpack[ComponentArgsDict]) -> None:
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self._path = path

    async def init(self) -> None:
        self._f = open(self._path, "w")

    async def step(self) -> None:
        out = 2 * self.in_1
        self._f.write(f"{out}\n")

    async def destroy(self) -> None:
        self._f.close()

There is also a @component decorator which simplifies creating Components for small stateless transform type functions. A component instance can be created by calling the .component method of the object returned by the decorator. The wrapped function can be sync or async and will be called as the step method with the named inputs being passed in. Inputs must be specified matching function args. Outputs must be specified and the function must return a dictionary where the keys match the outputs.

from plugboard.component import component

@component(inputs=["in_1"], outputs=["out_1"])
def pow2(in_1: int) -> dict[str, int]:
  return {"out_1": in_1 ** 2}

result = pow2(2)  # Preserves original function call -> result = {"out_1": 4}
comp_pow2 = pow2.component(name="component-pow2")

Now we take these components, connect them up as a Process, and fire off the model. Using the Process context handler takes care of calling init at the beginning and destroy at the end for all Components. Calling Process.run triggers all the components to start iterating through all their inputs until a termination condition is reached. Simulations proceed in an event-driven manner: when inputs arrive, the components are triggered to step forward in time. The framework handles the details of the inter-component communication, you just need to specify the logic of your components, and the connections between them.

from plugboard.connector import AsyncioConnector
from plugboard.process import LocalProcess
from plugboard.schemas import ConnectorSpec

process = LocalProcess(
    components=[A(name="component-a", iters=5), B(name="component-b", path="b.txt"), comp_pow2],
    connectors=[
        AsyncioConnector(
            spec=ConnectorSpec(source="component-a.out_1", target="component-b.in_1"),
        ),
        AsyncioConnector(
            spec=ConnectorSpec(source="component-a.out_1", target=f"{comp_pow2.name}.in_1"),
        )
    ],
)
async with process:
    await process.run()

Visually, we've created the model below, with Plugboard automatically handling the flow of data between the components.

flowchart LR
  subgraph Process
    direction LR
    comp_a(A<br>**component-a**)
    comp_b(B<br>**component-b**)
    comp_pow2(pow2<br>**component-pow2**)
  end
  comp_a -- out_1 --> comp_b
  comp_a -- out_1 --> comp_pow2

Executing pre-defined models on the CLI

In many cases, we want to define components once, with suitable parameters, and then use them repeatedly in different simulations. Plugboard enables this workflow with model specification files in yaml format. Once the components have been defined, the simple model above can be represented as follows. Components auto-generated with the @component decorator can be referenced by the name of the wrapped function.

# my-model.yaml
plugboard:
  process:
    args:
      components:
      - type: hello_world.A
        args:
          name: "component-a"
          iters: 10
      - type: hello_world.B
        args:
          name: "component-b"
          path: "./b.txt"
      - type: hello_world.pow2
        args:
          name: "component-pow2"
      connectors:
      - source: "component-a.out_1"
        target: "component-b.in_1"
      - source: "component-a.out_1"
        target: "component-pow2.in_1"

We can now run this model using the plugboard CLI with the command:

plugboard process run my-model.yaml

📖 Documentation

For more information including a detailed API reference and step-by-step usage examples, refer to the documentation site. We recommend diving into the tutorials for a step-by-step guide to getting started.

🐾 Roadmap

Plugboard is under active development, with new features in the works:

• Support for strongly typed data messages and validation based on pydantic.

👋 Contributions

Contributions are welcomed and warmly received! For bug fixes and smaller feature requests feel free to open an issue on this repo. For any larger changes please get in touch with us to discuss first. More information for developers can be found in the contributing section of the docs.

⚖️ Licence

Plugboard is offered under the Apache 2.0 Licence so it's free for personal or commercial use within those terms.