Abstract:Recently, steering vectors (SVs) have emerged as an effective and lightweight approach to steer behaviors of large language models (LLMs), among which fine-tuned SVs are more effective than optimization-free ones. However, current approaches to fine-tuned SVs suffer from two limitations. First, they require careful selection of steering factors on a per-SV basis to balance steering effectiveness and generation quality at inference time. Second, they operate as full-sequence SVs (FSSVs), which can sacrifice generation quality regardless of factor selection due to excessive intervention on the model generation process. To address the first limitation, we propose joint training of steering factors and directions, such that post-hoc factor selection is no longer required. Using neural network scaling theory, we find that moderately large initialization sizes and learning rates for steering factors are essential for stability and efficiency of joint training. To tackle the second limitation, we draw inspiration from representation fine-tuning and introduce Prompt-only SV (PrOSV), an SV that intervenes only on a few prompt tokens. Our empirical results show that PrOSV outperforms traditional FSSVs on AxBench when using our joint training scheme. We also find that PrOSV achieves a better tradeoff between general model utility and adversarial robustness than FSSV.
| Comments: | 63 pages, 50 figures; accepted by ICML 2026 |
| Subjects: | Machine Learning (cs.LG) |
| Cite as: | arXiv:2605.05983 [cs.LG] |
| (or arXiv:2605.05983v1 [cs.LG] for this version) | |
| https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2605.05983 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) |
From: Yuntai Bao [view email]
[v1]
Thu, 7 May 2026 10:31:12 UTC (1,565 KB)
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