Peijun Sang, Bing Li; 27(12):1−54, 2026.
Abstract
We propose a nonlinear function-on-function regression model where both the covariate and the response are random functions. The nonlinear regression is carried out in two steps: we first construct Hilbert spaces to accommodate the functional covariate and the functional response, and then build a second-layer Hilbert space for the covariate to capture nonlinearity. The second-layer space is assumed to be a reproducing kernel Hilbert space, which is generated by a positive definite kernel determined by the inner product of the first-layer Hilbert space for $X$--this structure is known as the nested Hilbert spaces. We develop estimation procedures to implement the proposed method, which allows the functional data to be observed at different time points for different subjects. Furthermore, we establish the convergence rate of our estimator as well as the weak convergence of the predicted response in the Hilbert space. Numerical studies including both simulations and a data application are conducted to investigate the performance of our estimator in finite sample.