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Coupling-Robust Accuracy in Multiphysics Physics Informed Neural Networks via Kronecker-Preconditioned Optimization Non-normal spectral signatures of instability in neural network training dynamics Optimization of randomized neural networks for transfer operator approximation Selective Ambulance Dispatch Under Contextual Travel-Time Uncertainty LLAMA LIMA: A Living Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Generative AI on Learning Mathematics Neural Flow Operators can Approximate any Operator: Abstract Frameworks and Universal Approximations LLMs as Noisy Channels: A Shannon Perspective on Model Capacity and Scaling Laws On the Stability of Spherical Hellinger-Kantorovich Flows and Their Implications for Differential Privacy Training-Free Looped Transformers Move on Muon : A Hamiltonian probability gradient flow perspective of Muon optimizer Entrywise Error Bounds for Spectral Ranking with Semi-Random Adversaries Asymmetric Scaling Laws from Sparse Features Is Dimensionality a Barrier for Retrieval Models? RA-DCA: A Randomized Active-Set DCA for Directional Stationarity in Max-Structured DC Programs Commutator-Induced Uncertainty in VAEs Weisfeiler-Leman Is Incomplete on Simple Spectrum Graphs, so Canonicalize Them Sparse In-Network Learning via Shortest-Path Backpropagation and Finite-Rate Gating Instance-Optimal Estimation with Multiple LLM Judges on a Budget Entropy Equivalence Testing Expand More, Shrink Less: Shaping Effective-Rank Dynamics for Dense Scaling in Recommendation Any-Dimensional Invariant Universality Operationalizing Individual Fairness via Gradient Descent and Bradley-Terry Models Anytime Training with Schedule-Free Spectral Optimization Diffusion-based Denoising Beats Vanilla Score Matching in Parameter Estimation: A Theoretical Explanation Resilience Characterization of AI-Native Wireless Receivers via Persistent Homology The General Theory of Localization Methods Group-Algebraic Tensors: Provably-optimal Equivariant Learning and Physical Symmetry Discovery General Lower Bounds for Differentially Private Federated Learning with Arbitrary Public-Transcript Interactions PilotWiMAE: Pilot-Native Representation Learning for Wireless Channels Proximal basin hopping: global optimization with guarantees
Price of metric universality in vector quantization is at...
Alina Harbuzova, Or Ordentlich, Yury Polyanskiy · 2026-02-05 · via math updates on arXiv.org

Fast computation of a matrix product $W^\top X$ is a workhorse of modern LLMs. To make their deployment more efficient, a popular approach is that of using a low-precision approximation $\widehat W$ in place of true $W$ (``weight-only quantization''). Information theory demonstrates that an optimal algorithm for reducing precision of $W$ depends on the (second order) statistics of $X$ and requires a careful alignment of vector quantization codebook with PCA directions of $X$ (a process known as ``waterfilling allocation''). Dependence of the codebook on statistics of $X$, however, is highly impractical. This paper proves that there exist a universal codebook that is simultaneously near-optimal for all possible statistics of $X$, in the sense of being at least as good as an $X$-adapted waterfilling codebook with rate reduced by 0.11 bit per dimension in the case when $W$ is Gaussian. Such universal codebook would be an ideal candidate for the low-precision storage format, a topic of active modern research, but alas the existence proof is non-constructive. Equivalently, our result shows existence of a net in $\mathbb{R}^n$ that is a nearly-optimal covering of a sphere simultaneously with respect to all Hilbert norms.