View PDF HTML (experimental)

Abstract:We introduce a Dirac structure on the tangent bundle of a configuration manifold, called a \textit{Lagrange--Dirac structure}, which is naturally induced by the Lagrangian two-form associated with a (possibly degenerate) Lagrangian and a constraint distribution. This structure provides a unified geometric framework for Lagrange--Dirac dynamical systems, encompassing nonholonomic, degenerate Lagrangian, and symmetric systems. In the hyperregular case, the system recovers a first-order formulation of the Lagrange--d'Alembert equations. Although nonholonomic dynamics does not preserve the Lagrangian two-form, we show that the underlying Lagrange--Dirac structure is preserved up to gauge transformations, yielding a natural gauge covariance property.
We also formulate an intrinsic variational principle directly on the tangent bundle, referred to as the \textit{Lagrange--d'Alembert--Dirac principle}, which recovers Hamilton's principle in the unconstrained case and the Lagrange--d'Alembert principle in the hyperregular constrained case. Furthermore, we develop a reduction theory for systems with Lie group symmetry, deriving a reduced Lagrange--Dirac structure over the Lie algebra that yields the Euler--Poincaré--Dirac equations and a corresponding reduced variational principle. Finally, we illustrate the theory through examples including charged particles, electric circuits, and systems with Lagrangians linear in velocity, and present an infinite-dimensional extension to ideal fluids that naturally incorporates the incompressibility constraint and recovers the Euler equations.

Submission history

From: Hiroaki Yoshimura [view email]
[v1] Thu, 18 Jun 2026 09:46:30 UTC (217 KB)