Let $R$ be a ring with unity. The non-zero divisor graph of $R$, $Φ(R)$, is the graph with vertex set $R\backslash \{0,1,-1\}$, and two vertices $x$ and $y$ are adjacent if and only if either $xy$ or $yx$ is non-zero. In this article we associate $Φ(R)$ to the ring of Hamilton quaternions over $\mathbb Z_{2^n}$, $\mathbb H(\mathbb Z_{2^n})$. The detailed structure of the elements in $\mathbb H(\mathbb Z_{2^n})$ is presented, based on which various structural properties of the graph $Φ(\mathbb H(\mathbb Z_{2^n}))$, such as connectedness, adjacency of vertices, traversability, and planarity, are studied. Furthermore, we derive bounds for clique number and chromatic number.